The Red Flag: A History of Communism (120 page)

87
. T. Ryback,
Rock around the Bloc: a History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union
(New York, 1990), p.129.

88
. Ibid., p.146.

89
. Yurchak,
Everything was Forever
, p.215.

90
. Cited in ibid., p.234.

91
. W. Burr (ed.),
The Kissinger Transcripts
(New York, 1998), pp.59–66.

1
. R. Balsvik,
Haile Selassie’s Students. The Intellectual and Social Background to Revolution, 1952
–
1977
(Lansing, Mich., 1985), pp.213–23.

2
. ‘The Philosophy of the Fashion Show in the Era of Nationalism’, pamphlet, March 1968, cited in Balsvik,
Students
, p.214.

3
. For this episode, see Balsvik,
Students
, p.216.

4
. Ibid., p.202.

5
. See D. McAdam,
Freedom Summer
(Oxford, 1988).

6
. Ibid., p.4.

7
. Cited in M. Rothschild,
A Case of Black and White. Northern Volunteers and the Southern Freedom Summers, 1964
–
1965
(Westport, 1982), p.181.

8
. Cited in R. Fraser,
1968: A Student Generation in Revolt
(New York, 1987), p.79.

9
. A. Marwick,
The Sixties. Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy and the United States, c.1958
–
c.1974
(Oxford, 1998), pp.486–9.

10
. Cited in Fraser,
1968
, p.80.

11
. T. Hecken and A. Grzenia, ‘Situationism’, in M. Klimke and J. Scharloth (eds.),
1968 in Europe. A History of Protest and Activism, 1956
–
1977
(New York, 2008), pp.23–32.

12
. Dark Star (ed.),
Beneath the Paving Stones. Situationists and the Beach, May 1968
(Edinburgh, 2001), pp.23–4.

13
. H. Marcuse,
One-Dimensional Man
(London, 1991), pp.21, xx.

14
.
Dr Strangelove. Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb
(1964), dir. Stanley Kubrick.

15
.
2001. A Space Odyssey
(1968), dir. Stanley Kubrick. HAL, with its sinister red ‘eye’, is reminiscent of the one-eyed monster of Homer’s
Odyssey
, the Cyclops.

16
. Mario Savio, in A. Bloom and W. Breines (eds.),
Takin’ It to the Streets. A Sixties Reader
(New York, 1995), pp.111–12.

17
. Gregory Calvert, in Bloom and Breines,
Takin’ It to the Streets
, p.126.

18
. Wright Mills, in Bloom and Breines,
Takin’ It to the Streets
.

19
. Rayna Rapp (SDS, University of Michigan), cited in Fraser,
1968
, p.88.

20
. C. Wilkerson,
Flying Close to the Sun
(New York, 2007), pp.115–16.

21
. Cited in K. Sale,
SDS
(New York, 1973), p.391.

22
. M. Berg, ‘1968: A Turning Point in American Race Relations?’ in C. Fink, P. Gassert and D. Junker (eds.),
1968: The World Transformed
(Cambridge, 1998), p.407.

23
. S. Carmichael,
Stokely Speaks. From Black Power to Pan-Africanism
(Chicago, 2007), p.93.

24
. Anthony Barnett, cited in Fraser,
1968
, p.88.

25
. George Ball, cited in F. Logevall,
Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of the War in Vietnam
(Berkeley, 1999), p.291.

26
. Peter Tautfest, cited in Fraser,
1968
, p.152.

27
. Cited in G. Herring, ‘Tet and the Crisis of Hegemony’, in Fink et al.,
1968
, p.48.

28
. G. R. Horn,
The Spirit of ’68: Rebellion in Western Europe and North America, 1956
–
76
(Oxford, 2007), pp.228–31.

29
. A. Glyn,
Capitalism Unleashed: Finance, Globalization and Welfare
(Oxford, 2007), p.10.

30
. Cited in M. H. Little,
America’s Uncivil Wars
(New York, 2006), p.254.

31
. Horn,
Spirit of ’68
, pp.158–60; A. Belden Fields,
Trotskyism and Maoism. Theory and Practice in France and the United States
(New York, 1988), ch.3.

32
. J. Bourg,
From Revolution to Ethics. May 1968 and Contemporary Thought
(Montreal, 2007), p.51.

33
. D. Singer,
Prelude to Revolution. France in May 1968
(London, 1970), p.57.

34
.
Monty Python’s Life of Brian
(1979), dir. Terry Jones.

35
. Horn,
Spirit of ’68
, pp.162–3.

36
. Wilkerson,
Flying Close to the Sun
, p.257.

37
. M. Klimke and J. Scharloth, ‘Terrorism’, in Klimke and Scharloth,
1968 in Europe
, pp.270–1.

38
. S. Aust,
The Baader–Meinhof Group: The Inside Story of a Phenomenon
(London, 1987), p.38.

39
. D. Hauser, ‘Terrorism in Europe’, in Klimke and Scharloth,
1968 in Europe
, p.272.

40
. Susanna Ronconi, quoted in D. Novelli and N. Tranfaglia,
Vite Sospese: le generazioni del terrorismo
(Milan, 1988), p.114. See also A. Jamieson, ‘Identity and Morality in the Italian Red Brigades’, in
Terrorism and Political Violence
2, 4 (1990), p.511.

41
. A. Jamieson, ‘Entry, Discipline and Exit in the Italian Red Brigades’,
Terrorism and Political Violence
2, 1 (1990), p.2.

42
. B. Silver,
Forces of Labour. Workers’ Movements and Globalization since 1870
(Cambridge, 2005), pp.52–3.

43
.
L’Humanité
, 9 July 1968.

44
. C. Marighella,
Manual of the Urban Guerrilla
, trans. G. Hanrahan (Chapel Hill, 1985), p.1.

45
. See R. Gott,
Guerrilla Movements in Latin America
(Oxford, 2008), pp.494–5; D. James,
Resistance and Integration. Peronism and the Argentine Working Class, 1946
–
1976
(Cambridge, 1976); A. Labrousse,
The Tupamaros
(Harmondsworth, 1973).

46
. S. B. Liss,
Marxist Thought in Latin America
(Berkeley, 1984), p.159.

47
.
The Church in the Present Day Transformation of Latin America in the Light of the Council
, vol. 2 (Washington, DC, 1979).

48
. M. Pérez-Stable,
The Cuban Revolution. Origins, Course and Legacy
(New York, 1999), pp.116–20.

49
. A. Cabral,
Revolution in Guinea. An African People’s Struggle
(London, 1974), p.87.

50
.
First Solidarity Conference of the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Proceedings
(Havana, 1966), p.166.

51
. On links with the European Communist Parties, see D. Ottaway and M. Ottaway,
Afrocommunism
(New York, 1981), pp.30–5. On students and links with the West in Ethiopia, see R. Balsvik, ‘The Ethiopian Student Movement in the 1960s: Challenges and Responses’,
Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference of Ethiopian Studies
(Lund, 1982), pp.491–509.

52
. Cabral,
Revolution in Guinea
, p.82.

53
. P. Chabal,
Amilcar Cabral: Revolutionary Leadership and People’s War
(Cambridge, 1983), pp.167–72.

54
. See Ottaway and Ottaway,
Afrocommunism
, pp.25–30.

55
. For their thinking, see O. A. Westad,
The Global Cold
War (Cambridge, 2005), pp.204–6; K. Brutents,
Sovremennye natsional’no-osvoboditel’nye revoliutsii (Nekotorye voprosy teorii
) (Moscow, 1974).

56
. H. Cobban,
The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: People, Power and Politics
(Cambridge, 1984), ch.3.

57
. C. Andrew and V. Mitrokhin,
The Mitrokhin Archive. The KGB in Europe and the West
(London, 1999), pp.143–4.

58
. F. Halliday, ‘The People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen: The “Cuban” Path in Arabia’, in G. White, R. Murray and C. White (eds.),
Revolutionary Socialist Development in the Third World
(Brighton, 1983), pp.37–42.

59
. M. Ram,
Maoism in India
(New York, 1971), ch.2.

60
. A. Isaacman and B. Isaacman,
Mozambique: From Colonialism to Revolution, 1900
–
1982
(Boulder, 1983), pp.98–9; M. Hall and T. Young,
Confronting Levia-than. Mozambique since Independence
(London, 1997), pp.62–8.

61
. For similarities and differences with Maoist people’s war, see T. Henriksen, ‘People’s War in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau’,
Journal of Modern African Studies
14 (1976), pp.377–99.

62
. Ibid., pp.382–3.