The Red Flag: A History of Communism (116 page)

90
. D. Kideckel,
The Solitude of Collectivism. Romanian Villagers to the Revolution and Beyond
(Ithaca, 1993), p.85.

91
. M. Lampland,
The Object of Labor: Commodification in Socialist Hungary
(Chicago, 1995), p.155.

92
. Creed,
Domesticating Revolution
, p.70.

93
. Pritchard,
The Making of the GDR
, p.201.

94
. Pittaway,
Eastern Europe
, p.60.

1
. S. Reid,
Khrushchev in Wonderland. The Pioneer Palace in Moscow’s Lenin Hills, 1962
. Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, No. 1606, pp.1–5, 25–6.

2
. S. Reid, ‘The Exhibition
Art of Socialist Countries
, Moscow 1958–9, and the Contemporary Style of Painting’, in S. Reid and D. Crowley (eds.),
Style and Socialism. Modernity and Material Culture in Post-War Eastern Europe
(Oxford, 2000), p.103.

3
. Reid,
Khrushchev
, p.2.

4
. N. Khrushchev,
Khrushchev Remembers. The Last Testament
, trans. and ed. S. Talbott (London, 1974), pp.98–101.

5
. M. Djilas,
Memoir of a Revolutionary
, trans. D. Willen (New York, 1973), pp.220–3.

6
. For these models, see S. Woodward,
Socialist Unemployment: the Political Economy of Yugoslavia, 1945
–
1990
(Princeton, 1995), pp.58–60.

7
. C. Lilly,
Power and Persuasion: Ideology and Rhetoric in Communist Yugoslavia, 1944–1953
(Boulder, 2001), p.123.

8
. M. Djilas,
Tito: The Story from Inside
, trans. V. Kojic and R. Hayes (London, 1981), pp.83–4.

9
. S. Pavlowitch,
Tito. A Reassessment
(London, 1992), p.81.

10
. Djilas,
Tito
, pp.95–6.

11
. M. Brklja
č
ic, ‘Popular Culture and Communist Ideology’, in J. Lampe and M. Mazower (eds.),
Ideologies and National Identities. The Case of Twentieth-Century Southeastern Europe
(Budapest, 2004), p.197.

12
. R. Service,
Stalin. A Biography
(London, 2004), pp.581–6.

13
. F. Burlatsky,
Khrushchev and the First Russian Spring
(London, 1991), p.5.

14
. Y. Gorlizki and O. Khlevniuk,
Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945
–
1953
(New York, 2004), pp.124–31.

15
. V. Zubok and C. Pleshakov,
Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War
(Cambridge, Mass., 1996), p.142.

16
. Gorlizki and Khlevniuk,
Cold Peace
, pp.132–3.

17
. A. Knight,
Beria. Stalin’s First Lieutenant
(Princeton, 1993), p.190.

18
. V. Molotov,
Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics. Conversations with Felix Chuev
, ed. Albert Resis (Chicago, 1993), p.334.

19
. A. Malenkov,
O moem otse
(Moscow, 1992), p.103; Zubok and Pleshakov,
Inside the Kremlin
, p.143.

20
. W. Hayter,
The Kremlin and the Embassy
(London, 1966), pp.106–7, 37–9.

21
. See
Pravda
, 13 March 1954.

22
. C. Bohlen,
Witness to History, 1929
–
1969
(New York, 1973), p.370.

23
. Cited in M. Leffler,
For the Soul of All Mankind. The United States, the Soviet Union and the Cold War
(New York, 2007), p.98.

24
. For the continuing role of ideological dogmatism on both sides, see Leffler,
For the Soul
, pp.147–50.

25
. Hayter,
Kremlin
, p.108.

26
. W. Thompson,
Khrushchev: a Political Life
(Basingstoke, 1995), p.8.

27
. N. Khrushchev,
Khrushchev Remembers: the Glasnost Tapes
, trans. and ed. J. Schecter and V. Luchkov (Boston, 1990), p.6.

28
. Cited in W. Taubman,
Khrushchev. The Man and His Era
(London, 2003), p.122.

29
. Burlatsky,
Khrushchev
, pp.65–6.

30
. Cited in Taubman,
Khrushchev
, p.274. For this account of the speech, see ibid., ch.11.

31
. For the speech, see
Rech’ Khrushcheva na zakrytom zasedanii XX s”ezda KPSS: 24
–
25 fevralia 1956 g
. (Munich, 1956).

32
. P. Jones, ‘Real and Ideal Responses to Destalinization’, in P. Jones (ed.),
The Dilemmas of Destalinization. Negotiating Cultural and Social Change in the Khrushchev Era
(London, 2006), pp.41–62.

33
. Mihály, interviewed by James Mark, in J. Mark, ‘Society, Resistance and Revolution: The Budapest Middle Class and the Hungarian Communist State 1948–56’,
English Historical Review
488 (2005), pp.975–6.

34
. Molotov,
Molotov Remembers
, p.334.

35
. R. János, ‘The Development of Imre Nagy as a Politician and a Thinker’, in G. Péteri (ed.),
Intellectual Life and the Crisis of State Socialism in East Central Europe, 1953
–
1956
(Trondheim, 2001), pp.16–30.

36
. S. Csoóri, ‘Pamphlet’, cited in G. Litván (ed.),
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Reform, Revolt and Repression, 1953
–
1963
(London, 1996), p.29.

37
. F. Lewis,
The Polish Volcano. A Case History of Hope
(London, 1959), p.146.

38
. Ibid., p.155.

39
. For an account of this episode, see Taubman,
Khrushchev
, p.293.

40
. M. Kramer, ‘New Evidence on Soviet Decision-Making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises’,
Cold War International History Project
[
CWIHP
] 8–9 (1996–7), p.53.

41
. M. Molnar,
Budapest 1956
(London, 1971), p.266.

42
. Cited in Litván,
Hungarian Revolution
, p.127.

43
. S. Khrushchev,
Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower
(University Park, Pa, 2000), p.188.

44
. M. Kramer, ‘The “Malin Notes” on the Crises in Hungary and Poland, 1956’,
CWIHP
8–9 (1996–7), pp.392 ff.

45
. V. Mićunović,
Moscow Diary
, trans. D. Floyd (Garden City, NY, 1980), pp.133–4.

46
. Litván,
Hungarian Revolution
, pp.143–4.

47
. E. Hobsbawm,
Interesting Times. A Twentieth-Century Life
(London, 2002), p.205.

48
. Cited in D. Kertzer,
Comrades and Christians. Religion and Political Struggle in Communist Italy
(Cambridge, 1980), p.148.

49
. Ibid., pp.146–57.

50
. K. Middlemas,
Power and the Party. Changing Faces of Communism in Western
Europe (London, 1980), p.100.

51
. S. Gundle,
I comunisti italiani tra Hollywood e Mosca: la sfida della cultura di massa (1943
–
1991)
(Florence, 1995), p.252.

52
. Taubman,
Khrushchev
, pp.308–9.

53
. D. Kozlov, ‘Naming the Social Evil. The Readers of
Novyi mir
and Vladimir Dudintsev’s
Not by Bread Alone
, 1956–59 and Beyond’, in Jones (ed.),
The Dilemmas of Destalinization
, pp.80, 89.

54
. V. Dudintsev,
Not by Bread Alone
, trans. E. Bone (London, 1957), p.246.

55
. Ibid., p.438.

56
. Cited in Thompson,
Khrushchev
, p.238.

57
. Z. Mlynár,
Conversations with Gorbachev: On Perestroika, the Prague Spring, and the Crossroads of Socialism
(New York, 2002), p.36.

58
. W. L. Hixson,
Parting the Curtain. Propaganda, Culture and the Cold War, 1945
–
1961
(London, 1997), pp.178–9.

59
. L. Attwood, ‘Housing in the Khrushchev Era’, in M. Iliĉ et al. (eds.),
Women in the Khrushchev Era
(London, 2004), pp.186–8.

60
. Reid, ‘The Exhibition
Art of Socialist Countries
’, p.103.

61
. S. Reid, ‘Women in the Home’, in iIliĉ et al. (eds.),
Women in the Khrushchev Era
, p.168.

62
. D. Filtzer,
Soviet Workers and De-Stalinization
(Cambridge, 1992), pp.232–3.

63
. S. Baron,
Bloody Sunday in the Soviet Union. Novocherkassk, 1962
(Stanford, 2001), pp.26–7.

64
. A. Mikoian,
Tak bylo. Razmyshlennia o minuvshem
(Moscow, 1999), p.610.