The Red Flag: A History of Communism (129 page)

‘developed socialism’,
429–30

dialectical materialism,
39–40

‘Diary of a Madman, The’ (Lu Xun),
239–40

Dimitrov, G.,
212

dissidence, responses to,
511–13

Djilas, Milovan,
214
,
217
,
218
,
219
,
317–18
,
320–21

Djugashvili, Ioseb,
see
Stalin, Iosif (Ioseb Djugashvili)

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor,
68–9

dress reform campaign in China,
301–2

Dub
č
ek, Alexander,
424
,
427

Duch, Comrade,
487–8

Dudintsev, Vladimir,
339–41

Dulles, John Foster,
325

Dumouriez, Charles,
10

Duranty, Paul,
197

East Germany,
see
German Democratic Republic (GDR)

Eastern Europe

1989 compared to previous revolutionary years,
546

allocation of capital as problem,
417–18

anti-Semitism brought into from USSR,
289

banks, investment by,
432–3

appeal of Communism after Second World War,
285–6

cars, provision of,
416

collectivization,
312–13
,
414

concessions to workers,
307–8
,
414

consumption, improvement of,
415–16

consumption, reducing,
288

debt crises,
523–7

disillusion with Communism,
287–8

dissent in late 1980s,
542–3

hierarchies in industry,
305–7

impact of Stalin’s death,
330–33

leaders of as subordinates in Moscow,
290–92

limits of Soviet support for,
525–6

middle classes under Communism,
286

nationalism,
415
,
548

neo-liberalism in,
559–60

oil-price increase 1973, impact of,
432

opinions of socialism in 1980s,
511

Orange Alternative,
542–3

Popular Fronts in,
211–19

problems improving consumption,
416–19

production at the centre of life,
287

religion in,
414

retreat of Communist parties,
413–15

revolutions of 1989 in,
545

show trials and purges,
289–90

USSR seen as imperialist,
288–9

see also individual countries

Ebert, Friedrich,
107
,
118

economic crisis 1928–9,
130
,
187–9

economic reforms

China,
504–8

German Democratic Republic (GDR),
421–2

Hungary,
422–3

impact of in Yugoslavia,
423–4

in pro-Soviet states,
526–7

USSR,
421
,
422

see also
neo-liberalism

economies

based on wishful thinking,
148

financial crisis 2008–9,
xvi

French, after the revolution,
11

Economist
on Soviet expansion,
500

education

ideological division based on,
513–14

impact of Cultural Revolution,
362

International Lenin School for Western Communists,
125–6

opportunities for workers,
169–70

purges in,
144–5

Ehrenburg, Ilya,
341

Eisenhower, Dwight,
325

Eisenstein, Sergei,
132–4
,
157–8
,
161
,
180–81

End of History and the Last Man, The
(Fukuyama),
558

End of St Petersburg
(Pudovkin),
61–2

Engels, Friedrich,
26–7
,
36
,
39–40
,
41
,
53

Estonia,
548

Ethiopia

affinity with Russia,
481

Derg,
483
,
484
,
485

divisions within Marxism,
485

fall of Selassie,
482–3

land reform,
484–5

Marxism influence from the West,
482

protests at fashion show,
452–3

Selassie’s regime,
481–2

separatist movements,
485–6

Stalinist strategies,
485–6

student movement,
482

ethnic nationalism in Romania,
407–8

Eurocommunism,
497–9

Europe

anti-Communist crusade,
231

Communism in the mid-1920s,
104

Communist purism, emergence of,
122

ebbing of revolutionary tide in,
123

failure of revolution in,
119–20

opposition to Vietnam War,
460–61

popular backlash against First World War,
106

see also
Eastern Europe;
individual countries

expositions

imagined, after Second World War,
211

in Paris 1937,
182–4

Ezhov, Nikolai,
176
,
180

factory conditions in USSR after Second World War,
279–80

fall of Communism,
xv–xvi

families, Stalinist policies towards,
171

famine,
153–4

fashion

in China,
301–2

show in Ethiopia,
452–3

Fatah,
471

February revolution,
82–3

Festival of the Unity and Indivisibility of the Republic,
1–2
,
10

festivals

in Italy,
338

in the USSR,
275

financial crises,
xvi
,
523–7

Finland, Communist Party in,
293

First International,
41–2

First Solidarity Conference of the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America,
469

First World War

impact on ordinary people,
105–6

impact on Russia,
81

impact on Social Democrat parties,
105

popular backlash against,
106

socialist votes for war credits,
59–60

as weakening old hierarchies,
236

Fischer, Ruth,
121

Five-Year Plans

China: First,
299
; initial discussions,
298

USSR: First,
148
,
155–6
; as imperialist projects,
288
; Second,
156

Fourier, Charles,
18
,
20–21
,
28

Fourth International,
201–2

Fowler, Dona,
453

France

1948 revolution,
35–6

Communist Party in,
292–31

decline of Communism,
498

differing forms of socialism in,
45

end of bourgeois/worker alliance,
32–3

Eurocommunism,
497

at Paris exposition 1937,
184

Popular Front crisis,
199–200

Popular Front in,
192–3

reaction to Secret Speech,
337

silk-workers uprising in Lyon,
32–3

worker unrest,
466–7

see also
French revolution

Free Speech Movement,
455

FRELIMO (
Frente de Libertação de Moçambique
),
393
,
397
,
398
,
472–3
,
478–9

French revolution

arms manufacturing after,
11

army under the Jacobins,
9–12

attack on estates system,
3

Battle of Valmy,
11

classical republicanism as inspiration,
4–5

economy following,
11

Festival of the Unity and Indivisibility of the Republic,
1–2
,
10