The Red Flag: A History of Communism (131 page)

leadership instability,
332

Lenin on failure of soviet republic,
121–2

multi-party elections,
543

Popular Front,
213
,
215–16

power of managers,
439

radical Marxism, failure of,
115–17

reduced controls at Austrian border,
544

research on party officials,
433–5

revolution,
334–6

soviet government of March 1919,
107–8

wages in compared to US,
438–9

workforce dissatisfaction,
308–9

I Chose Freedom
(Kravchenko),
147–8
,
293

Iakovlev, Aleksandr,
533
,
535
,
538

imperialism

anti-movements, Communism as vehicle for,
236–7

anti-imperialist aid from USSR,
375–6

Bandung conference as anti-,
374–5

Lenin on,
79–80

Marxist responses to,
58–9

of the US,
379–80

of the USSR,
273–5
,
288–9

Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
(Lenin),
79–80

India

difficulties embedding Marxism,
243

Naxalite guerrillas,
568

tension between left nationalists and Communists,
377

Indonesia,
271
,
400

industrial revolution, second,
42–3

industrialization,
150–51

inefficiency after Russian revolution,
98

inequalities

anger at,
443–4

in China,
563

in East European industry,
305–7

informants, use of in GDR,
512–13

intellectuals,
168–9

and Communism,
109–12

controlled liberalization in China,
352–3

disillusion with Khrushchev,
347–8

as visitors to USSR in 1930s,
196–8

International Lenin School for Western Communists,
125–6

International Monetary Fund (IMF),
526
,
550–52

Iran, Stalin’s policy towards,
233

Iraq, tension between left nationalists and Communists,
377

Islamism,
xvi
,
570

Israel,
282–3
,
471

Italy

challenges in 1950s,
338–9

Communism 1919–20,
117

Communist Party in,
293–4

conflict between left and right,
496–7

Eurocommunism,
497

festivals,
338

response to de-Stalinization,
337

support for Christian Democrat government,
498

terrorism in,
466

Togliatti as Popular Front supporter,
208–9

worker unrest,
466

Ivan the Terrible
Parts I and II (Eisenstein),
180–81

Jacobins,
2–3
,
7
,
14–15

army under,
9–12
,
10–12

conflict with
sans-culottes,
10

Marx on failure of,
17

outlook of,
8

persecution of ‘counter-revolutionaries’,
12–14
,
15

January Storm, China,
366

Japan

Chinese campaigns against,
255–6

difficulties embedding Marxism,
243

invasion of China 1937,
261–2

Jaruzelski, Wojciech,
525

Jews, Soviet attitudes towards,
282–3

Jiangxi Soviet Republic, China,
253

Johnson, Lyndon,
399–400

Joke, The
(Kundera),
284–5
,
412

Julie or the New Héloise
(Rousseau),
6

July
28
: Liberty Leading the People,
(Delacroix),
16–17

Kamemev, Lev,
142
,
176

Kanatchikov, Semen,
64
,
65
,
66

Kautskian Marxism,
73

Kautsky, Karl,
53–5

Kennan, G.,
222
,
223

Kennedy, John F.,
348
,
385

Khmer Rouge,
488–95

Khrushchev, Nikita,
315
,
316
,
317

anti-imperialism,
375–6

attitude towards Stalin’s legacy,
327–8

background,
326

Cuban Missile Crisis,
349

decline of early popularity,
346–50

denunciation of Stalin,
328–30

early career in the party,
327

economic concerns,
405

first impression of,
326

as imperialist,
404–5

inclusive and non-violent mobilization,
345–6

intelligentsia’s disillusion with,
347–8

kitchen debate with Nixon,
343

leadership marked by crises,
348–50

Mao’s response to,
351

Radical, Romantic Marxism of,
342–3

reaction to
Not by Bread Alone
(novel),
339–40

reform programme,
328

relations with Yugoslavia,
332–3

relationship between workers and officials,
346

retirement,
349

Kideckel, David,
445

Kim Il Sung,
267–9
,
302–3

Kirkpatrick, Jean,
522

Kirov, Sergei, murder of,
176

Kissinger, Henry,
473–4

kitchen debate,
343

Koba, as role model for Stalin,
136

Kopelev, Lev,
151–2

Korea

Communism in,
242

compared to USSR and China,
302–3

see also
North Korea

Korean War,
298

Kosovo,
552

Kraus, Karl,
109–10

Kravchenko, Viktor,
147–8
,
150
,
153
,
166
,
177
,
293

Krenz, Egon,
544

Kriegel, Annie,
127–8

Krille, Otto,
50–51

Kristol, Irving,
520–23

Krokodil
, hoax in,
154–5

Kronstadt rebellion,
99

Kun, Béla,
108

Kundera, Milan,
284–5
,
412

labour at the centre of life in Eastern Europe,
287

Lampland, Martha,
445

land reform

China,
262–3
,
298

Ethiopia,
484–5

Last Judgement of Kings, The
(Maréchal),
7–8

Latin America

Communist parties 1920s and 1930s,
198–9

Cuban attempts to export revolution,
390–92

guerrilla Communism,
568

left-wing politics in,
468–9

student and urban rebellions 1960s,
467–8

see also
Cuba

Latvia,
548

Lavrov, Petr,
69–70

Le père Duchesne
(newspaper),
10

leadership cults

Mao Zedong,
367–8

Stalin,
162–3

Lefort, René,
483

Lenin, Vladimir

1905 revolution,
78–9

bourgeois discipline of,
74

on capitalism and imperialism,
79–80

compared to Ho Chi Minh,
243

compared to Stalin,
138–9

contribution of,
101

death,
101

on democracy,
86

on equality,
85

family background,
73–4

hatred of bourgeoisie,
75–6