The Red Flag: A History of Communism (134 page)

meeting with Gorbachev 1986,
501–2

political position,
528

use of guerrilla warfare,
528–31

rectification as purge in China,
259–61

Red Army

founding of,
95

during Second World War,
205

Red Army Faction (RAF),
465

Red Brigades,
466

Red Cavalry
(Babel),
88–9

Red Cyclists,
47
,
48

Red Dawn
(film),
527

Red Flag, The
(song) (Connell),
51

religion

campaigns against,
152

in Eastern Europe,
414

and Marxism,
45

see also
Catholic Church

religious sects, Social Democrats compared to,
143–4

Repentance
(Abuladze),
532–3

revisionism, Bernstein,
55–7

revolution(s)

across Europe in 1847,
34

image of,
62

River Elegy
(documentary series),
554–5

Road to Revolution
(Ho Chi Minh),
241–2

Robeson, Paul,
197

Robespierre, Maximilien,
7
,
12–14

rock music,
448–50

Romania

1989 compared to previous revolutionary years,
546

banks, investment by,
433

break with USSR,
406

collapse of Ceauşescu regime,
545–6

debt crises,
524

ethnic nationalism,
407–8

Khrushchev’s USSR seen as imperialist,
404–5

modern attitudes of peasants,
445

and nationalism,
406

Popular Front,
215

‘Romanian Protochronism’ (Papu),
404

Romanticism, wartime,
110

Romulo, Carlos,
374

Rostow, Walt,
385
,
401

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques,
5–7

Roy, M. N.,
237–8

Russia

1905 revolution,
57

ancien régime
at end of 19th C,
64–5

author’s impressions 1984 and 1987,
xvii–ix

Bloody Sunday,
78

Bolsheviks as lesser evil than Whites,
97

coronation of Tsar Nicholas II,
63

failure of neo-liberalism in,
560–61

fall of Port Arthur,
77

famine of 1891,
71

February revolution,
82–3

founding of Red Army,
95

‘Going to the People’ movement 1874,
70

hostility to capitalism,
563

impact of First World War,
81

inefficiency and corruption after revolution,
98

Kronstadt rebellion,
99

language of class struggle,
83–4

Marxism, revolutionaries’ attraction to,
71–2

massacre on Khodynka Field,
63–4

New Economic Policy,
99–100
,
140
,
141–3
,
145
,
146

‘People’s Will’,
70

popular worldview in 1917,
84–5

Proletkults,
98

Provisional Government,
82–3

radical student culture in 19th C,
69–70
,
73

reform compromises in 19th C,
65

relevance of Kautskian Marxism to,
73

secret police - Cheka,
95

seizure of power by Bolsheviks,
87–8

socialist terrorism in 19th C,
70–71

songs and symbols, conflict over,
82

soviets,
78

spying during and after First World War,
95

tall buildings of the Stalinist regime,
273–5

unrest in 1921,
99

war communism,
95–9
,
99

workers’ democracy and class struggle,
90–92

working class in the 19th C,
65–6

see also
Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)

Saige, Guillaume-Joseph,
6

Saint-Simon, Henri de, Comte,
18
,
22–3
,
29

Sandinistas,
499–500
,
530

sans-culottes,
1–2
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
10

Sartre, Jean-Paul,
292–3

Savio, Mario,
455
,
458

science and national pride in USSR,
281

Scott, John,
150
,
169
,
170
,
178

Second International,
52–3

Second World War

centre-left consensus in Europe following,
210

Communists in Europe following,
210

liberalization in USSR during,
206–7

mistrust of professional elites by USSR,
204–5

nationalist feeling in USSR,
206

problems faced by USSR after,
277–8

problems with centralized Soviet system,
204

Soviet contribution to,
204

Soviet soldiers encounters with capitalism,
211

Western support for USSR during,
205–6

secret police, Russian,
95

Secret Speech,
328–30
,
351

Selassie, Haile,
481–2

‘self-criticism’

for Chinese students in Moscow,
246–7

by managers,
149–50

self-reliance philosophy in North Korea,
410

September 11 attacks,
xvi
,
570

Shapovalov, A. I.,
66

Shining Path,
566–7

Shmelev, Nikolai,
418

Short Course,
183
,
296–7

Siegfried, André,
130

silk-workers uprising in Lyon,
32–3

Singer, Daniel,
464

Slovenia,
551

Smedley, Agnes,
251

Smirnov, Georgii,
538

Social Contract, The
(Rousseau),
5

Social Democratic Party (SPD) of Germany

Communist policy against,
186

dominant in Second International,
53

limits to influence of,
52

as Marxist party,
46

culture in,
50–51

reasons workers joined,
48–51

as reformist party,
54–5

women, attitudes to,
50

women in,
52

Social Democrats

Communist policy against,
186

compared to religious sects,
143–4

impact of First World War on,
105

meetings in Switzerland 1915 and 1916,
104

new policy towards during Stalinist regime,
191–2

during First World War,
106

‘social work’ in the USSR,
437

socialism

conversions to,
47–8

differing visions of,
44–5

utopian,
20–22

Socialist Workers’ Party of the United States,
202

Solidarity in Poland,
525

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr,
347
,
538

Song Liying,
507

South Africa,
398
,
473
,
479–80

South/South-Eastern Europe,
216–17

South Wales, miners in,
128

South Yemen,
472
,
547

Soviet patriotism,
159–61

Soviet system,
142

Soviet Union – A New Civilization, The
(Webb and Webb),
196

soviets,
78

Spain

civil war,
194–5

Eurocommunism,
497