The Red Flag: A History of Communism (136 page)

fear of expansion by,
500

foreign policy after Stalin’s death,
324
,
325

Gulag system,
172–3
,
278–9

hierarchies,
158
,
167

hostility to capitalism,
563–4

hybrid approach towards Asia,
238–9

ideological campaigns after Second World War,
280–83

ideological division based on education,
513–14

as imperialists,
214
,
273–5
,
288–9

inclusiveness in mid-1930s,
158

industrialization, benefits from during Second World War,
205

inequalities in,
274–5

intelligentsia,
168–9

invasion of Czechoslovakia,
403–4
,
428

leadership changes following Stalin,
323–30

liberal reform signals to Eastern Europe,
543

liberalization during Second World War,
206–7

links with Cuba,
384

Mao Zedong’s visit in 1949,
294–6

and the Marshall Plan,
224–5
,
227

media themes of attack by,
527

modernity in,
343–5

and nationalism,
159–61
,
206
,
548

new policy towards Social Democracy,
191–2

Novocherkassk strike,
346–7

oil-price increase 1973, impact of,
432

pact with Germany 1939,
203

at Paris exposition 1937,
182–4

paternalism in 1970s and 1980s,
436–7

peasants’ hostility to Soviet regime,
171–2

poverty in,
276–7

prestige in the West in 1930s,
195–9

problems faced after Second World War,
277–8

problems in at Stalin’s death,
322–3

relations with China,
296–7

relationship between workers and officials,
346

repression, ethnic, during Second World War,
207

science and national pride,
281

Second World War,
204–5

seen as imperialist in Eastern Europe,
288–9

seen as successful in the West, 1930s,
187–8

‘social work’,
437

soldiers’ encounters with capitalism,
211
,
277–8

space program,
344–5

and Spanish civil war,
194–5

support for during Second World War,
205–6

tall buildings of,
273–5

Terror of 1936–8,
175–80
,
181

Third World allies as liability,
547

visitors to in 1930s,
196–8

wages late 1920s and early 1930s,
156

workers’ wages,
431

working-class criticism of the regime in 1930s,
170–71

and Yugoslavia,
218–19

see also
Brezhnev, Leonid
;
Gorbachev, Mikhail
;
Russia
;
Stalin, Iosif (Ioseb Djugashvili)

‘united front’ policy,
123–4

United Opposition,
145–6

United States

change from idealism to
realpolitik,
378–9

change in approach to USSR from 1984,
536

changes since early 1970s,
502–3

deterioration in relations with USSR,
498–9

discrimination against Communists,
230

economic crisis 1979,
522–3

encouragement of guerrilla warfare,
528–31

exaggeration of Communist threat, impact of,
378

gendarme strategy,
473–45

and impact of Stalin’s death,
325–6

interventions in Middle East,
379

interventions in the Third World,
379–80

Marshall Plan,
223–5
,
227

Marxism in,
45

Mississippi Summer,
454–5

mistrust of Third World nationalism,
377

Mosinee, staged Communist overthrow of,
227–8

Mujahedin, support for,
530–31

neo-colonialism in Cuba,
382

neo-conservatives,
520–22

neo-liberalism,
521

partial defeat in Vietnam War,
461–2

Popular Front in,
192

reaction to sputnik satellite,
344–5

response to Cuban revolution,
384

Socialist Workers’ Party of,
202

subversion campaign in Guatemala,
380–81

and Third World united fronts,
399–400

Trotskyism in,
202

as underdog,
527–8

use of high interest rates to attract capital,
523

wages in Hungary compared to,
438–9

universities

impact of Cultural Revolution in China,
362

purges in USSR,
144–5

University of the Toilers of the East, Moscow,
246–7

utopian socialism,
20–22

Valmy, Battle of,
11

Venezuela,
391

Vietnam

following the Chinese example,
269–70

fusion of Confucius and Marx,
242

and US imperialism,
379–80

Vietnam War,
459–63

Volkonskaia, Sofia, Princess,
91

wages

in Hungary compared to US,
438–9

late 1920s and early 1930s,
156

worker’s,
431

war communism,
95–9
,
99

We
(Zamiatin),
94

Weathermen,
465

Webb, Beatrice and Sidney,
196

Weitling, William,
19

West Bengal,
472

Westphalen, Baron Ludwig von,
24

What is to be Done? From Tales of New People
(Chernyshevskii),
66–9
,
71
,
75

Whites in civil war,
97
,
98

Wilson, Woodrow,
235

women

attitudes towards in SPD,
50

employment of,
307

Stalinist policies towards in the USSR,
171

workers

attitudes of in 1930s USSR,
169

criticism of Soviet regime in 1930s,
170–71

educational opportunities,
169–70

increased radicalism in early 20th C,
57–8

mobilized in Cultural Revolution,
362–3

reactions to second industrial revolution,
42–3

reasons for joining SPD,
48–51

relations with managers,
438–41
,
442–3

relationship with officials,
346

unrest in Italy and France,
466–7

wages,
431

working class in 19th century Russia,
65–6

Wu Hung,
300–301

Wu Yu,
240

Wugong village, China,
309–11

Yan’an, China,
256–7
,
258–9

Yawning Heights, The
(Zinoviev),
440–41

Yeltsin, Boris,
549

Yergin, Daniel,
557

Yugoslavia

American aid to, impact of,
320

break-up and war,
550–52

debt crises,
524

governance models after Second World War,
318

Hoxha’s visit to,
408

impact of economic reforms,
423–4

mixture of markets and socialism,
320–21

NEP-style policies,
318–19

Popular Front,
213
,
218–19

reforms of 1950s,
318

relations with USSR,
332–3

repression in,
319

Tito’s background,
217–18

use of voluntary workers,
319

and the USSR,
218–19

Żakowski, Jacek,
519

Zamiatin, Evgenii,
94

Zapatista Liberation National Army (EZLN),
568–9