The Red Flag: A History of Communism (112 page)

25
. J. Jackson,
The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy, 1934
–
38
(Cambridge, 1988), p.120.

26
. M. Torigian,
Every Factory a Fortress. The French Labor Movement in the Age of Ford and Hitler
(Athens, Ohio, 1999), p.86.

27
. S. Bartolini,
The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860
–
1980: the Class Cleavage
(Cambridge, 2000), pp.429–31.

28
. C. Pennetier and B. Pudal, ‘Du parti bolchevik au parti stalinien’, in M. Dreyfus et al.,
Le Siècle des communismes
(Paris, 2000), pp.338–9.

29
. On autobiographies, see C. Pennetier and B. Pudal (eds.),
Autobiographies, autocritiques, aveux dans le monde communiste
(Paris, 2002).

30
. J. Haslam,
The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe, 1933
–
1938
(London, 1984), pp.107–15.

31
. For support for the Communists, see H. Graham,
The Spanish Republic at War, 1936
–
1939
(Cambridge, 2002), pp.182–5.

32
. E. Hobsbawm,
Interesting Times. A Twentieth-Century Life
(London, 2002), p.133.

33
. L. Stern,
Western Intellectuals and the Soviet Union, 1920
–
40: From Red Square to the Left Bank
(London, 2007), p.17.

34
. Ibid.

35
. B. Webb and S. Webb,
Soviet Communism: A New Civilization
(London, 1937), p.429.

36
. The trip is recounted by Ludmila Stern on the basis of the VOKS archive. See Stern,
Western Intellectuals
, pp.146–9.

37
. S. Taylor,
Stalin’s Apologist: Walter Duranty, the New York Times’s Man in Moscow
(Oxford, 1990).

38
. Stern,
Western Intellectuals
, pp.31, 24–5.

39
. Cited in D. Caute,
Fellow Travellers
.
A Postscript to the Enlightenment
(London, 1973), p.165.

40
. P. Neruda,
Memoirs
, trans. H. St Martin (London, 2004), p.132.

41
. P. Drake, ‘Chile’, in M. Falcoff and F. Pike (eds.),
The Spanish Civil War, 1936
–
39. American Hemispheric Perspectives
(Lincoln, Nebr., 1982).

42
. I. Deutscher,
The Prophet Outcast: Trotsky, 1929
–
1940
(London, 1963), p.434.

43
. Stern,
Western Intellectuals
, p.32.

44
. Jackson,
Popular Front in France
, pp.239–43.

45
. Graham,
Spanish Republic
, pp.264–5.

46
. S. Payne,
The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism
(New Haven, 2004), pp.228–9.

47
. G. Orwell,
Homage to Catalonia
(London, 1986), p.213.

48
. For a view that blames the Communists and the USSR, see R. Radosh, M. Habeck and G. Sevostianov (eds.),
Spain Betrayed: the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War
(New Haven, 2001). For an interpretation more sympathetic to the Communists, see Graham,
Spanish Republic
.

49
. For this view, see Payne,
Spanish Civil War
, pp.240, 275–8.

50
. On the ideology of the Trotskyist movement, see especially Robert Alexander,
International Trotskyism, 1929
–
1985. A Documented Analysis of the Movement
(Durham, NC, 1991), pp.1–20; A. Callinicos,
Trotskyism
(Milton Keynes, 1990), pp.6–16.

51
. A. M. Wald,
The New York Intellectuals
(Chapel Hill, 1987), chs.6–9.

52
. Soviet foreign policy in this period has been the subject of a good deal of controversy. For those who argue that Stalin positively welcomed a Nazi alliance, see R. Tucker,
Stalin in Power: the Revolution from Above, 1928–1941
(New York, 1990), chs.10, 21. For a very different view, see T. Uldricks, ‘Soviet Security Policy in the 1930s’, in G. Gorodestsky (ed.),
Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917
–
1991. A Retrospective
(London, 1994). This account agrees with Pons,
Stalin
; Van Ree,
Political Thought
, ch.15.

53
. F. Firsov, ‘Arkhivy Kominterna i vneshnaia politika SSSR v 1939–1941 gg.’,
Novaia i noveishaia istoriia
6 (1992), pp.18–19.

54
. Ibid.

55
. M. Johnstone, ‘Introduction’, in F. King and G. Matthews,
About Turn. The British Communist Party and the Second World War, the Verbatim Record of the Central Committee meetings of 25 September and 2–3 October 1939
(London, 1990), pp.13–49.

56
. Cited in E. Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East: the Nazi–Soviet War 1941
–
1945
(London, 2005), p.49.

57
. G. Gorodetsky,
Grand Delusion. Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia
(New Haven, 1999), esp. pp.279–80, 296–7.

58
. Mawdsley,
Thunder
, p.229.

59
. M. Harrison, ‘The Soviet Union: the Defeated Victor’, in M. Harrison (ed.),
The Economics of World War II. Six Great Powers in Comparison
(Cambridge, 1998), p.271; Mawdsley,
Thunder
, pp.26–7.

60
. Mawdsley,
Thunder
, p.215.

61
. I. Ehrenburg and K. Simonov,
In One Newspaper. A Chronicle of Unforget-table Years
, trans. A. Kagan (New York, 1987), p.70.

62
. G. Hosking,
Rulers and Victims. The Russians in the Soviet Union
(Cambridge, Mass., 2006), p.201.

63
. R. Stites, ‘Frontline Entertainment’, in R. Stites (ed.),
Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia
(Bloomington, 1995), pp.133–4.

64
. McDermott and Agnew,
The Comintern
, p.207.

65
.
Literaturnaia Gazeta
, 12 September 1990.

66
. See A. Weiner,
Making Sense of War
(Princeton, 2001), pp.138–54.

67
. W. Lower,
Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in the Ukraine
(Chapel Hill, 2005), p.24.

68
. A. Agosti,
PalmiroTogliatti
(Turin, 1996), pp.15–26.

69
. S. Gundle, ‘The Legacy of the Prison Notebooks: Gramsci, the PCI and Italian Culture in the Cold War Period’, in C. Duggan and C. Wagstaff (eds.),
Italy in the Cold War. Politics, Culture and Society 1948
–
58
(Oxford, 1995), pp.131–47.

70
. S. Gundle,
I Comunisti italiani tra Hollywood e Mosca : la sfida della cultura di massa (1943–1991)
(Florence, 1995), pp.19–28.

71
. M. Harrison,
Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945
(Cambridge, 1996), p.163.

72
. Elena Zubkova,
Russia after the War. Hopes, Illusions, and Disappointments, 1945
–
1957
(New York, 1998), pp.16–18.

73
. G. Dimitrov,
Dnevnik (9 mart 1933
–
6 fevruari 1949)
(Sofia, 1997), p.464.

74
. Cited in Van Ree,
Political Thought
, p.244.

75
. G. Eisler, quoted by his widow. Cited in Epstein,
The Last Revolutionaries
, p.123.

76
. N. Naimark,
The Russians in Germany: a History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945
–
1949
(Cambridge, Mass., 1995), p.180.

77
. T. Toranska,
Oni: Stalin’s Polish Puppets
, trans. A. Kolakowska (London, 1987), p.246.

78
. M. Djilas,
Conversations with Stalin
, trans. M. Petrovich (London, 1962), p.84.

79
. K. Kersten,
The Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland, 1943
–
1948
(Berkeley, 1991), pp.111–13.

80
. A. Rieber, ‘The Crack in the Plaster: Crisis in Romania and the Origins of the Cold War’,
Journal of Modern History
76 (2004), pp.62–106.

81
. B. Abrams,
The Struggle for the Soul of the Nation. Czech Culture and the Rise of Communism
(Lanham, 2004), p.164.

82
. M. Gorbachev and Z. Mlynář,
On Perestroika, the Prague Spring, and the Crossroads of Socialism
(New York, 2002), pp.13–14.

83
. M. Pittaway,
Eastern Europe 1939
–
2000
(London, 2000), pp.46–7.

84
. For these arguments, see M. Conway, ‘Democracy in Postwar Western Europe: The Triumph of a Political Model’,
European History Quarterly
32 (2002), pp.70–6.

85
. V. Dimitrov, ‘Communism in Bulgaria’, in M. Leffler and D. Painter,
The Origins of the Cold War: an International History
(London, 2005), pp.191–204.

86
. M. Djilas,
Tito. The Story from Inside
(London, 1981), p.16.

87
. V. Dedijer,
Tito Speaks. His Self-Portrait and Struggle with Stalin
(London, 1953), pp.4–7.