The Red Flag: A History of Communism (114 page)

72
. Ibid., p.285.

73
. Chang and Halliday,
Mao
, p.300.

74
. Chen Yung-fa, ‘Suspect History and the Mass Line. Another “Yan’an Way”’, in G. Hershatter et al. (eds.),
Remapping China. Fissures in Historical Terrain
(Stanford, 1996), pp.242–60.

75
. J. Byron and R. Pack,
The Claws of the Dragon. Kang Sheng – The Evil Genius behind Mao
–
and his Legacy of Terror in People’s China
(New York, 1992), p.139.

76
. F. Teiwes and W. Sun, ‘From a Leninist to a Charismatic Party; The CCP’s Changing Leadership, 1937–1945’, in T. Saich and H. Van de Ven (eds.),
New Perspectives on the Chinese Communist Revolution
(Armonk, NY, 1995), p.378.

77
. Cited in Short,
Mao
, p.392.

78
. G. Benton,
Mountain Fires. The Red Army’s Three-Year War in South China, 1934
–
1938
(Berkeley, 1994); G. Benton, ‘Under Arms and Umbrellas. Perspectives on Chinese Communism in Defeat’, in Saich and Van de Ven (eds.),
New Perspectives
, pp.116–43.

79
. Although self-defence against the Japanese could involve opposition to all outsiders, including the Communists.

80
. For this argument, see H. Van de Ven,
War and Nationalism in China, 1925
–
1945
(London, 2003).

81
. For this argument, see Chen Yung-fa,
Making Revolution. The Communist Movement in East and Central China, 1937
–
1945
(Berkeley, 1986), esp. ch.3. For a summary of the literature on this debate, see L. Bianco, ‘Responses to CCP Mobilization Policies’, in Saich and Van de Ven,
New Perspectives
, ch.7.

82
. W. Hinton,
Fanshen. A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village
(New York, 1966), pp.137–8.

83
. Chen,
Making Revolution
, pp.187–8.

84
. O. Westad,
Decisive Encounters: the Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950
(Stanford, 2003), pp.115–18.

85
. R. Thaxton,
Salt of the Earth. The Political Origins of Peasant Protest and Communist Revolution in China
(Berkeley, 1997), ch.9.

86
. K. Hartford, ‘Repression and Communist Success: The Case of Jin-Cha-Ji, 1938–1943’, in K. Hartford and S. Goldstein (eds.),
Single Sparks. China’s Rural Revolutions
(Armonk, NY, 1989), p.27.

87
. Bianco, ‘Responses’, pp.181–2.

88
. The Malay Communist Party and Mao’s CCP are not directly comparable, as the Chinese in Malaya were a disadvantaged minority within a British colony, unlike the mainland Chinese. Even so, like the Chinese Communists, they were Communist guerrillas from a Chinese Confucian culture who fought against the Japanese and then against anti-Communist forces. Pye’s interviewees were Communist guerrillas who had surrendered to the British and then agreed to cooperate in exchange for good treatment, not those (presumably more committed) Communists who refused and went on trial. Yet his material is revealing. See L. Pye,
Guerrilla Communism in Malaya. Its Social and Political Meaning
(Princeton, 1956). For a discussion of the research, see N. Gilman,
Mandarins of the Future. Modernization Theory in Postwar America
(Baltimore, 2003), pp.167–71.

89
. Pye,
Guerrilla Communism
, p.124.

90
. Ibid., p.211.

91
. Though Pye argues this was a less important motivator.

92
. Pye,
Guerrilla Communism
, pp.228, 229.

93
. Ibid., pp.248, 296.

94
. Ibid., 297, 301.

95
. Westad,
Decisive Encounters
, ch.4. For the issue of corruption and the Guomindang’s legitimacy, see S. Pepper,
Civil War in China. The Political Struggle, 1944
–
1949
(Lanham, 1999), pp.155–60.

96
. For this argument, see Westad,
Decisive Encounters
, p.10.

97
. Ibid., p.259.

98
. Chang-lai Hung, ‘Mao’s Parades. State Spectacles in China in the 1950s’,
China Quarterly
190 (2007), p.415.

99
. Yong-ho Ch’oe, ‘Christian Background in the Early Life of Kim Il-Song’,
Asian Survey
26 (1986), pp.1082–91.

100
. A. Lankov,
From Stalin to Kim Il Sung: the Formation of North Korea, 1945
–
1960
(London, 2002), pp.17–19.

101
. O Y
ng-jin, quoted in R. Scalapino and C.-S. Lee,
Communism in Korea. Part I: The Movement
(Berkeley, 1972), pp.324–5.

102
. C. Armstrong,
The North Korean Revolution, 1945
–
1950
(Ithaca, 2003), pp.68–70.

103
. Lankov,
From Stalin to Kim
, ch.3.

104
. Duiker,
Communist Road
, p.105.

105
. Duiker,
Ho
, p.69.

106
. D. Marr,
Vietnam 1945. The Quest for Power
(Berkeley, 1995), p.106.

107
.
Ho Chi Minh Selected Writings
(Hanoi, 1977), pp.55–6.

108
. B. Kerkvliet,
The Huk Rebellion. A Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines
(Berkeley, 1977).

109
. Chin Peng,
My Side of History
(Singapore, 2003), pp.47–8.

110
. Cheah Boon Kheng,
The Masked Comrades: a Study of the Communist United Front in Malaya, 1945
–
48
(Singapore, 1979).

111
. R. Stubbs,
Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare: the Malayan Emergency, 1948
–
1960
(London, 1989).

1
. A. Åman,
Architecture and Ideology in Eastern Europe during the Stalin Era
(New York, 1992), pp.90–3.

2
. W. Brumfield,
A History of Russian Architecture
(Cambridge, 1993), p.490.

3
. K. Tyszka,
Nacjonalizm w Komunizmie. Ideologia Narodowa w Związku Radzieckim i Polsce Ludowej
(Warsaw, 2004), pp.115–41; Martin Mevius,
Agents of Moscow: the Hungarian Communist Party and the Origins of Socialist Patriotism, 1941
–
1953
(Oxford, 2004), pp.249–62.

4
. N. Khrushchev,
Khrushchev Remembers. The Last Testament
, trans. and ed. S. Talbott (London, 1974), p.98.

5
. Åman,
Architecture
, pp.88–9.

6
. Cited in K. Boterbloem,
Life and Death under Stalin. Kalinin Province, 1945
–
1953
(Montreal, 1999), p.188.

7
. M. Harrison,
Accounting for War. Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945
(Cambridge, 1996), pp.160–2.

8
. M. Edele, ‘“More than just Stalinists”. The Political Sentiments of Victors 1945–1953’, in J. Fürst (ed.),
Late Stalinist Russia. Society between Reconstruction and Reinvention
(London, 2006), p.176.

9
. D. Filtzer,
Soviet Workers and Late Stalinism: Labour and the Restoration of the Stalinist System after World War II
(Cambridge, 2002), pp.34–9.

10
. Ibid., pp.22–5; G. Ivanova,
Labor Camp Socialism. The Gulag in the Soviet Totalitarian System
, trans. C. Flath (Armonk, NY, 2000), p.116; A. Applebaum,
Gulag. A History
(London, 2004), p.518.

11
. E. Ginzburg,
Within the Whirlwind
(London, 1989), pp.71–2.

12
. O. Pohl,
The Stalinist Penal System
(Jefferson, NC, 1997), p.131.

13
. Filtzer,
Soviet Workers
, p.242.

14
. C. Hooper, ‘A Darker “Big Deal”’, in Fürst,
Late Stalinist Russia
, p.147.

15
. Cited in Y. Gorlizki and O. Khlevniuk,
Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945
–
1953
(New York, 2004), pp.32–3.

16
. Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsial’no-Politicheskoi Istorii [RGASPI] 558/11/732/19.

17
. N. Krementsov,
Stalinist Science
(Princeton, 1997), p.181; D. Joravsky,
The Lysenko Affair
(Cambridge, Mass., 1970).

18
. Khrushchev,
Khrushchev Remembers
, p.263.

19
. I. Stalin,
Sochineniia
(Moscow, 1946–51), vol. xiii, p.28.

20
. A. Weiner,
Making Sense of War
(Princeton, 2001), ch.4.