The Red Flag: A History of Communism (117 page)

65
. L. Alexeyeva and P. Goldberg,
The Thaw Generation. Coming of Age in the post-Stalin Era
(Boston, 1990), pp.95–7.

66
. P. McMillan,
Khrushchev and the Arts. The Politics of Soviet Culture, 1962
–
1964
(Cambridge, Mass., 1965), pp.101–5.

67
. Reported in D. Volkogonov,
Autopsy for an Empire. The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime
(New York, 1998), p.236.

68
. Wu Hung,
Remaking Beijing: Tiananmen Square and the Creation of a Political Space
(London, 2005), pp.108–30.

69
. S. Schram,
The Thought of Mao Tse-Tung
(Cambridge, 1989), p.154.

70
. S. Schram (ed.),
Mao Tse-tung Unrehearsed: Talks and Letters, 1956
–
71
(Harmondsworth, 1974), pp.114–15.

71
. S. Goncharenko, ‘Sino-Soviet Military Cooperation’, in O. E. Westad (ed.),
Brothers in Arms. The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance 1945
–
63
(Stanford, 1998), p.160.

72
.
Communist China. Policy Documents with Analysis
(Cambridge, Mass., 1962), pp.151–63.

73
. Li Zhisui,
The Private Life of Chairman Mao
(London, 1994), p.222.

74
. J. Ch’en,
Mao Papers: Anthology and Bibliography
(New York, 1970), pp.62–3.

75
. D. Yang,
Calamity and Reform in China. State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change since the Great Leap Famine
(Stanford, 1996), p.34.

76
. L. Zhang and C. Macleod (eds.),
China Remembers
(Oxford, 1999), p.76.

77
. S. Potter and J. Potter,
China’s Peasants. The Anthropology of a Revolution
(Cambridge, 1990), p.71.

78
. Zhang and Macleod,
China Remembers
, p.78.

79
. Li,
Private Life
, pp.277–8.

80
. Ibid., p.302.

81
. For the debate over the causes of the famine, see Yang,
Calamity
, pp.55–67. Yang emphasizes the wastefulness of the communal dining halls.

82
. For the estimate of 30 million ‘excess deaths’ (including ‘lost births’), see J. Banister,
China’s Changing Population
(Stanford, 1987), p.85. Chang and Halliday give much higher estimates, of 38 million deaths: J. Chang and J. Halliday,
Mao: the Unknown Story
(London, 2006), p.534.

83
. Cited in H. Harding, ‘The Chinese State in Crisis’, in R. Macfarquhar (ed.),
The Politics of China. The Eras of Mao and Deng
, 2nd edn (Cambridge, 1993), p.234.

84
.
Decision of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party Concerning the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
(Beijing, 1966), p.1.

85
. Cited in Harding, ‘Chinese State’, p.169.

86
. Gao Yuan,
Born Red: a Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution
(Stanford, 1987), pp.86, 89–90.

87
. Cited in P. Clark,
The Chinese Cultural Revolution. A History
(Cambridge, 2008), p.61.

88
. Ibid., p.2.

89
. A. Finnane,
Changing Clothes in China. Fashion, History, Nation
(London, 2007), p.237.

90
. For the concept of ‘virtuocracy’, see S. Shirk, ‘The Decline of Virtuocracy in China’, in J. Watson (ed.),
Class and Social Stratification in post-Revolution China
(Cambridge, 1984).

91
. Liu Guokai,
A Brief Analysis of the Cultural Revolution
, trans. A. Chan (Armonk, NY, 1987), p.47.

92
. J. Sheehan,
Chinese Workers: A New History
(London, 1998), pp.123–4.

93
. R. Madsen,
Morality and Power in a Chinese Village
(Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1984), pp.180–98.

94
. G. White,
The Politics of Class and Class Origin: The Case of the Cultural Revolution
, Contemporary China Papers, 9 (Canberra, 1976), p.46.

95
. Cited in ibid., p.37.

96
. See R. Kraus,
Class Conflict in Chinese Socialism
(New York, 1981), pp.164–6.

97
. Zhang and Macleod,
China Remembers
, p.120.

98
. Ibid., pp.120–1.

99
. Cited in R. Macfarquhar and M. Schoenhals,
Mao’s Last Revolution
(Cambridge, Mass., 2006), p.199.

100
. Ibid., p.155.

101
. Ibid., pp.162–3.

102
. Gao Yuan,
Born Red
, pp.179 ff.

103
. For these examples, see D. Leese, ‘The Mao Cult as Communicative Space’,
Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions
8 (2007), pp.632–4.

104
. Cited in ibid., pp.633–4.

105
. Zhang and Macleod,
China Remembers
, p.140.

1
. Cited in J. L. Anderson,
Che Guevara. A Revolutionary Life
(London, 1997), p.130.

2
. Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara,
The Bolivian Diary of Ernesto Che Guevara
, 2nd edn (New York, 1996), p.316.

3
. P. Neruda, ‘La United Fruit Co.’ (1950), in P. Neruda,
Canto General
, trans. J. Schmitt (Berkeley, 1991).

4
. Cited in Anderson,
Che Guevara
, p.126.

5
. Anderson,
Che Guevara
, pp.163, 23.

6
. Cited in G. M. Kahin,
The Asian-African Conference. Bandung, Indonesia, April 1955
(Port Washington, NY, 1972), p.42.

7
. The film was originally called
Potomok Chingiz-Khana
(
The Heir to Genghis Khan
).

8
. C. Romulo,
The Meaning of Bandung
(Chapel Hill, 1956), p.91.

9
. Ibid., p.11.

10
. Kahin,
The Asian-African Conference
, p.46.

11
.
The Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries
(Belgrade, 1961).

12
. W. Shinn, ‘The “National Democratic State”: a Communist program for Less-Developed Areas’,
World Politics
15, 3 (1963), pp.177–89.

13
. V. Zubok,
A Failed Empire. The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev
(Chapel Hill, 2007), pp.109–10.

14
. Shinn, ‘The “National Democratic State”’.

15
. This idea was first developed by the Indonesian Dipa Adit. See C. Jian, C
hina and the Cold War
(Chapel Hill, 2001), p.212.

16
. J. Edgar Hoover to W. Jenkins, FBI Report, 7 April 1964, 6. Declassified Documents Reference System.

17
. C. Tripp,
A History of Iraq
(Cambridge, 2000), pp.156–7.

18
. T. Nossiter,
Communism in Kerala. A Study in Political Adaptation
(London, 1982), ch.6.

19
. H. Van der Wee,
Prosperity and Upheaval. The World Economy, 1945
–
1980
(Harmondsworth, 1987), pp.400–3.

20
. NSC 162/2, in United States Department of State,
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952
–
1954
(Washington, DC, 1979–2003), vol. ii, p.587.

21
. S. G. Rabe, ‘Latin America and Anticommunism’, in R. Immerman (ed.),
John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War
(Princeton, 1990), pp.163, 161.

22
. W. Duiker,
The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam
(Boulder, 1996), pp.180–2. Though for a more sceptical view, see J. Carter,
Inventing Vietnam. The United States and State Building, 1954
–
1968
(Cambridge, 2008), pp.79–81.

23
. E. Moise,
Land Reform in China and North Vietnam
(Chapel Hill, 1983), pp.201–6.

24
. S. Schlesinger and S. Kinzer,
Bitter Fruit. The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala
(Cambridge, Mass., 2005).

25
. Fidel Castro,
My Life
, ed. I. Ramet (London, 2007), p.173.

26
. Ibid., p.67.

27
. See J. Sweig,
Inside the Cuban Revolution. Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground
(Cambridge, Mass., 2002).

28
. Castro, 1 January 1959, cited in M. Pérez-Stable,
The Cuban Revolution. Origins, Course and Legacy
(New York, 1999), p.61.

29
. Che Guevara to Jean Daniel, 14 December 1957, in C. Franqui,
Diary of the Cuban Revolution
(New York, 1980), p.269.

30
. Cited in H. Matthews,
Castro. A Political Biography
(London, 1969), p.141.

31
. H. Thomas,
Cuba. The Pursuit of Freedom
(New York, 1971), pp.1215–18.