The Red Flag: A History of Communism (119 page)

14
. For a view that emphasizes stratification, see H.-L. Hunter,
Kim Il-Song’s North Korea
(Westport, 1999), ch.1. For a view that emphasizes inclusiveness, see B. Cumings, ‘The Last Hermit’,
New Left Review
6 (2000).

15
. For these details of everyday life, see Hunter,
Kim Il-Song
, pp.173–4.

16
. Á. Horváth and Á. Szakolczai,
The Dissolution of Communist Power: the Case of Hungary
(London, 1992), pp.62–3.

17
. B. Denitch,
The Legitimation of a Revolution: the Yugoslav Case
(New Haven, 1976), p.94.

18
. Deletant,
Ceauşescu and the Securitate
, pp.212–16.

19
. L. Siegelbaum, ‘The Faustian Bargain of the Soviet Automobile’, in
PEECS
papers No. 24 (Trondheim, 2008), p.1.

20
. Cited in J. Zatlin, ‘The Vehicle of Desire: The Trabant, the Wartburg, and the End of the GDR’,
German History
15, 3 (1997), p.358.

21
. Ibid., p.359

22
. M. Burawoy and J. Lukács,
The Radiant Past: Ideology and Reality in Hungary’s Road to Capitalism
(Chicago, 1992), pp.125–6.

23
. This is the main argument of the Hungarian economist Janos Kornai,
Economics of Shortage
(Amsterdam, 1980).

24
. S. Goodman, ‘Soviet Computing and Technology Transfer: An Overview’,
World Politics
31 (1979), p.567.

25
. S. Kotkin,
Armageddon Averted. The Soviet Collapse, 1970
–
2000
(Oxford, 2000), pp.63–4.

26
. N. Shmelev, in S. Cohen and K. Van den Heuvel,
Voices of Glasnost. Interviews with Gorbachev’s Reformers
(New York, 1989), p.149.

27
. J. Kopstein,
The Politics of Economic Decline in East Germany, 1945
–
1989
(Chapel Hill, 1997), p.190.

28
. P. Shelest, ‘On umel vesti apparatnye igry, a stranu zabrosil…’, in Iu Aksiutin,
Brezhnev: Materialy k Biografii
(Moscow, 1991), p.218.

29
. Z. Mlynář,
Night Frost in Prague: the End of Humane Socialism
, trans. P. Wilson (London, 1980), p.86.

30
. Kotkin,
Armageddon Averted
, p.50.

31
. Cited in Kopstein,
Politics
, p.43.

32
. See ibid., ch.2.

33
. Mlynář,
Night Frost
, p.66.

34
. G. Golan,
Reform Rule in Czecholovakia: the Dubček Era, 1968–1969
(Cambridge, 1973), pp.230–1.

35
. Jaromír Navrátil,
The Prague Spring 1968: A National Security Archive Documents Reader
, trans. M. Kramer et al. (Budapest, 1998), pp.20–2.

36
. Mlynář,
Night Frost
, pp.82–6.

37
. Ibid., p.44.

38
. J. Satterwhite, ‘Marxist Critique and Czechoslovak Reform’, in R. Taras (ed.),
The Road to Disillusion. From Critical Marxism to Postcommunism in Eastern Europe
(Armonk, NY, 1992), pp.115–34.

39
. J. Piekalkiewicz,
Public Opinion Polling in Czechoslovakia, 1968
–
69: Results and Analysis of Surveys Conducted during the Dubcek Era
(New York, 1972).

40
. A. Dubcek,
Hope Dies Last. The Autobiography of Alexander Dubcek
, trans. J. Hochman (London, 1993), p.150.

41
. Navrátil,
The Prague Spring
, p.67.

42
. M. Kramer, ‘The Czechoslovak Crisis and the Brezhnev Doctrine’, in C. Fink, P. Gassert and D. Junker (eds.),
1968: The World Transformed
(Cambridge, 1998), pp.121–45.

43
. M. Kundera, ‘Preface’, in J. Skvorecky,
Mirakl
(Paris, 1978), p.4.

44
. A. Brown,
The Gorbachev Factor
(Oxford, 1996), pp.30–1, 41.

45
. Cited in R. Tökés,
Hungary’s Negotiated Revolution: Economic Reform, Social Change, and Political Succession, 1957
–
1990
(Cambridge, 1996), p.72.

46
. Kopstein,
Politics
, p.81.

47
. V. Bunce, ‘The Empire Strikes Back: The Evolution of the Eastern Bloc from a Soviet Asset to a Soviet Liability’,
International Organization
39 (1985), p.20.

48
. K. Poznanski, ‘Economic Adjustment and Political Forces: Poland since 1970’,
International Organization
40 (1986), p.457.

49
. Horváth and Szakolczai,
The Dissolution of Communist Power
.

50
. Ibid., p.110.

51
. K. Jarausch, ‘Care and Coercion. The GDR as Welfare Dictatorship’, in K. Jarausch (ed.),
Dictatorship as Experience. Towards a Socio-Cultural History of the GDR
(New York, 1999), ch.3.

52
. M. Raeff,
The Well-ordered Police State: Social and Institutional Change through Law in the Germanies and Russia, 1600
–
1800
(New Haven, 1983). This parallel is drawn by Horváth and Szakolczai.

53
. Xiaobo Lü and Elizabeth Perry,
Danwei. The Changing Chinese Workplace in Historical and Comparative Perspective
(Armonk, NY, 1997), pp.169–94.

54
. Interviews by Andrew Walder in A. Walder,
Communist Neo-Traditionalism. Work and Authority in Chinese Industry
(Berkeley, 1986), p.140.

55
. Ibid., pp.141–2.

56
. A. Zinoviev,
The Reality of Communism
(London, 1985), p.139.

57
. V. Shlapentokh,
Public and Private Life of the Soviet People: Changing Values in post-Stalin Russia
(New York, 1989), p.117.

58
. Zinoviev,
Reality
, p.139

59
. Shlapentokh,
Public and Private
, p.118.

60
. Interview cited in A. Yurchak,
Everything was Forever, until It was No More. The Last Soviet Generation
(Princeton, 2006), pp.96–7.

61
. This case is described in M. Fulbrook,
The People’s State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker
(New Haven, 2005), p.239.

62
. Burawoy and Lukács,
Radiant Past
, pp.40–2.

63
. M. Haraszti,
A Worker in a Worker’s State: Piece-rates in Hungary
, trans. M. Wright (Harmondsworth, 1977), pp.88–9.

64
. Interview in Walder,
Communist Neo-Traditionalism
, p.176.

65
. D. Kideckel,
The Solitude of Collectivism: Romanian Villagers to the Revolution and Beyond
(Ithaca, 1993), p.130.

66
. A. Zinoviev,
The Yawning Heights
, trans. G. Clough (London, 1979), pp.186–8.

67
. Zinoviev,
Reality
, pp.127, 65.

68
. Horváth and Szakolczai,
The Dissolution of Communist Power
, p.55.

69
. S. Shirk,
Competitive Comrades: Career Incentives and Student Strategies in China
(Berkeley, 1982), p.150.

70
. Shlapentokh,
Public and Private
, pp.165, 171; V. Shlapentokh,
Love, Marriage, and Friendship in the Soviet Union: Ideals and Practices
(New York, 1984).

71
. Haraszti,
A Worker in a Worker’s State
, pp.88–9.

72
. Ibid.

73
. Cited in A. Port,
Conflict and Stability in the German Democratic Republic
(Cambridge, 2007), p.245.

74
. D. Mason,
Public Opinion and Political Change in Poland
(Cambridge, 1985), p.86.

75
. D. Bahry, ‘Society Transformed? Rethinking the Social Roots of Perestroika’,
Slavic Review
52 (1993), p.537.

76
. Burawoy and Lukács,
Radiant Past
, p.123.

77
. Cited in Kideckel,
Solitude of Collectivism
, p.183.

78
. M. Lampland,
The Object of Labor: Commodification in Socialist Hungary
(Chicago, 1995), pp.335–6.

79
. See survey in R. Tökés,
Murmur and Whispers: Public Opinion and Legitimacy Crisis in Hungary, 1972
–
1989
(Pittsburgh, 1997), p.14.

80
. Mason,
Public Opinion
, p.63.

81
.
Blondinka za uglom
(1983), dir. V. Bortko.

82
. Shlapentokh,
Public and Private
, p.192.

83
. Ibid., pp.80–1.

84
. Fulbrook,
The People’s State
, pp.230–1.

85
. Tökés,
Hungary’s Negotiated Revolution
, p.139.

86
. Yurchak,
Everything was Forever
, p.201.