The Red Flag: A History of Communism (122 page)

7
. R. Baum,
Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping
(Princeton, 1994), p.8.

8
. S. Shirk,
The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China
(Berkeley, 1993), ch.10.

9
. W. Jenner and D. Davin (eds.),
Chinese Lives
(London, 1986), pp.8–9, 13.

10
. L. Zhang and C. Macleod (eds.),
China Remembers
(Oxford, 1999), p.5.

11
.
People’s Daily
, 3 August 2006.

12
. A. Yurchak,
Everything was Forever, until It was No More. The Last Soviet Generation
(Princeton, 2006), p.113.

13
. Ibid., pp.96–7.

14
. Ibid.

15
. R. Tökés,
Murmur and Whispers: Public Opinion and Legitimacy Crisis in Hungary, 1972–1989
(Pittsburgh, 1997), pp.37–9.

16
. Ibid., p.56.

17
. D. Bahry, ‘Society Transformed? Rethinking the Social Roots of Perestroika’,
Slavic Review
52 (1993), pp.516–17.

18
. D. Mason,
Public Opinion and Political Change in Poland
(Cambridge, 1985), pp.63–4.

19
. H. Merskey and B. Shafran, ‘Political Hazards in the Diagnosis of “Sluggish Schizophrenia”’,
British Journal of Psychiatry
148 (1986), p.253.

20
. M. Fulbrook,
The People’s State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker
(New Haven, 2005), pp.241–2.

21
. Interviewed in B. Miller,
Narratives of Guilt and Compliance in Unified Germany: Stasi Informers and Their Impact on Society
(London, 1999), pp.67–8.

22
. Cited in Miller,
Narratives of Guilt
, pp.43–4.

23
. Cited in ibid., p.101.

24
. See Yurchak,
Everything was Forever
, pp.107–8.

25
. Bahry, ‘Society Transformed?’, p.539.

26
. Tökés,
Murmur and Whispers
, p.56.

27
. See, for instance, J. Kopstein,
The Politics of Economic Decline in East Germany, 1945
–
1989
(Chapel Hill, 1997), pp.122–9.

28
. A. Tsipko cited in M. Ouimet,
The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy
(Chapel Hill, 2003), pp.252–3.

29
. M. Ellman and V. Kontorovich (eds.),
The Destruction of the Soviet Economic System: an Insiders’ History
(Armonk, NY, 1998), p.173.

30
. For the disillusionment of this group, see O. Westad, ‘How the Cold War Crumbled’, in S. Pons and F. Romero (eds.),
Reinterpreting the End of the Cold War. Issues, Interpretations, Periodizations
(London, 2005), p.76. See also A. Brown,
Seven Years That Changed the World: Perestroika in Perspective
(Oxford, 2007), pp.172–3.

31
. A. Iakovlev,
Sumerki
(Moscow, 2003), p.354.

32
. Mason,
Public Opinion
, p.45.

33
. Ibid., p.82.

34
. This argument, emphasizing the importance of the Church, rather than the working class or civil society, is made by M. Osa,
Solidarity and Contention: Networks of Polish Opposition
(Minneapolis, 2003).

35
. Cited in ibid., p.136.

36
. A. Glyn,
Capitalism Unleashed: Finance, Globalization, and Welfare
(Oxford, 2007), p.22.

37
. See P. Buhle,
Marxism in the United States: Remapping the History of the American Left
(London, 1987), pp.206–10.

38
. D. Patinikin,
Essays on and in the Chicago Tradition
(Durham, NC, 1981), p.4.

39
. J. Kirkpatrick,
Dictatorships and Double Standards: Rationalism and Reason in Politics
(Washington, DC, 1982).

40
. R. Brenner,
The Boom and the Bubble: the US in the World Economy
(London, 2002), p.35.

41
. G. Arrighi, ‘The World Economy and the Cold War, 1970–1990’, forthcoming in
The Cambridge History of the Cold War
, p.22.

42
. Ibid., p.16.

43
. I. Zloch-Christy,
Debt Problems of Eastern Europe
(Cambridge, 1987), p.38.

44
. S. Woodward,
Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War
(Washington, DC, 1995), ch.3.

45
. See C. Andrew and V. Mitrokhin,
The Mitrokhin Archive. The KGB in Europe and the West
(London, 1999), p.686.

46
. G. Ekiert,
The State against Society: Political Crises and Their Aftermath in East Central Europe
(Princeton, 1996), pp.243–4, 247.

47
. Ouimet,
Rise and Fall
, pp.249–50.

48
. Baibakov to Shürer, quoted in Kopstein,
Politics of Economic Decline
, pp.93–4.

49
.
Red Dawn
(1984), dir. John Milius.

50
. R. Reagan, Address to British Parliament, 8 June 1982.
http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/search/speeches/speech_srch.html
.

51
. R. Reagan, Question and Answer Session with High-School Students, 25 March 1983,
http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1983/32583c.html
.

52
. For this argument, see I. Molloy,
Rolling Back Revolution: The Emergence of Low Intensity Conflict
(London, 2001), p.20.

53
. C. Krauthammer, ‘The Poverty of Realism’,
The New Republic
, 17 February 1986, p.15.

54
.
Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare
(1983),
http://www.freewebs.com/moeial/
CIA’s%20Psychological%20Operations%20in%20Guerrilla%20Warefare.pdf.

55
. E. Wood,
Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador
(Cambridge, 1993).

56
. T. Walker,
Nicaragua. Living in the Shadow of the Eagle
(Boulder, 2003), p.56.

57
. J. Ciment,
Angola and Mozambique: Postcolonial Wars in Southern Africa
(New York, 1997), p.87.

58
. Cited in J. Persico,
Casey. From the OSS to the CIA
(New York, 1990), p.226.

59
. B. Fischer, ‘The Soviet–American War Scare of the 1980s’,
International Journal of Intelligence
(Autumn 2006), pp.480–517.

60
. For different views on the importance of SDI, see Ellman and Kontorovich,
Destruction
, pp.55–64.

61
. M. I. Gerasev, cited in ibid., p.65.

62
. Iakovlev,
Sumerki
, pp.394–5.

63
. Ibid., p.395.

64
. Ibid., p.394.

65
. Ellman and Kontorovich,
Destruction
, pp.269–70; V. Boldin,
Ten Years That Shook the World: The Gorbachev Era as Witnessed by His Chief of Staff
, trans. E. Rossiter (New York, 1994), p.114.

66
. A. Cherniaev,
Shest’ let s Gorbachevym: po dnevnikovym zapisiam
(Moscow, 1993), p.8.

67
. M. Gorbachev,
Zhizn’ i reformy
(Moscow, 1995), vol. i, p.208.

68
. A. Iakovlev,
Gorkaia chasha
(Yaroslavl’, 1994), pp.205–12.

69
. B. A. Fischer,
The Reagan Reversal: Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War
(Columbia, 1997), pp.102–43.

70
. A. Brown,
The Gorbachev Factor
(Oxford, 1996), pp.115–17.

71
. M. Gorbachev, ‘Report to CPSU Central Committee plenum, January 6 1989’,
Current Digest of the Soviet Press
41 (1989), p.1.

72
. Aleksandr Iakovlev, in S. Cohen and K. Van den Heuvel,
Voices of Glasnost. Interviews with Gorbachev’s Reformers
(New York, 1989), p.39.

73
. Tsipko, in Ellman and Kontorovich,
Destruction
, p.181.

74
. A. Tsipko, ‘Istoki stalinizma’,
Nauka i zhizn’
11–12 (1988), 1–2 (1989).

75
. N. Zarafshan, in R. MaKay,
Letters to Gorbachev: Life in Russia through the Postbag of Argumenty i Fakty
(London, 1991), p.173.

76
. Tökés,
Murmurs and Whispers
, p.48.

77
. Ellman and Kontorovich,
Destruction
, p.38.

78
. D. Slejška, J. Herzmann a kolektiv,
Sondy do ve
ř
ejného mín
ě
ní (Jaro 1968, Podzim 1989)
(Prague, 1990), p.54.

79
. For a defence of the Chinese model, see, for instance, P. Nolan,
China’s Rise, Russia’s Fall
(Basingstoke, 1995).

80
. S. Solnick,
Stealing the State: Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions
(Cambridge, Mass., 1998).