The Red Flag: A History of Communism (118 page)

32
. A. Kapcia,
Cuba. Island of Dreams
(Oxford, 2000), pp.103–4.

33
. Castro,
My Life
, p.195.

34
. Pérez-Stable,
The Cuban Revolution
, pp.7–9

35
. Ibid., p.69.

36
. Cited in Anderson,
Che Guevara
, pp.388–90.

37
. T. Szulc,
Fidel. A Critical Portrait
(London, 1987), p.416.

38
. P. Gleijeses,
Conflicting Missions. Havana, Washington and Africa, 1959
–
1976
(Chapel Hill, 2002), p.18.

39
. A. Fursenko and T. Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’. Khrushchev, Castro and Kennedy, 1958
–
1964
(New York, 1997), p.39.

40
. Gleijeses,
Conflicting Missions
, p.18.

41
.
Libre Belgique
, 14 October 1960, cited in S. Weissman,
American Foreign Policy in the Congo, 1960
–
1964
(Ithaca, 1974), p.116.

42
. For these themes, see Michael E. Latham,
Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and Nation Building in the Kennedy Era
(Chapel Hill, 2000).

43
.
Revolucion
, 20 November 1959, in S. Balfour,
Castro
(London, 1990), p.80.

44
. Interview with Jean Daniel, 25 July 1963, cited in M. Löwy,
The Marxism of Che Guevara. Philosophy, Economics and Revolutionary Warfare
, 2nd edn (Lanham, 2007), p.59.

45
. J. Bunck,
Fidel Castro and the Quest for a Revolutionary Culture
(University Park, Pa, 1994), pp.23–7.

46
. R. Fagen,
The Transformation of Political Culture in Cuba
(Stanford, 1969), p.53.

47
. A. Kapcia,
Cuba in Revolution. A History since the Fifties
(London, 2008), ch.6.

48
. Anderson,
Che Guevara
, p.453.

49
. Cited in C. Brundenius,
Economic Growth, Basic Needs and Income Distribution in Revolutionary Cuba
(Lund, 1981), p.71.

50
. Ricardo Rojo, quoted in Anderson,
Che Guevara
, p.565

51
. Alberto Granado, quoted in ibid.

52
. Che Guevara,
Guerrilla Warfare
(London, 2003), pp.10–11.

53
. Cited in Fursenko and Naftali,
‘One Hell of a Gamble’
, p.21.

54
. Alfredo Maneiro, quoted in Gleijeses,
Conflicting Missions
, p.22.

55
. Luben Perkoff, quoted in Richard Gott,
Guerrilla Movements in Latin America
(Oxford, 2008), p.111.

56
. See T. Wickham-Crowley, ‘Winners, Losers and Also-Rans: Toward a Comparative Sociology of Latin American Guerrilla Movements’, in S. Eckstein (ed.),
Power and Popular Protest. Latin American Social Movements
(Berkeley, 2001), pp.138–41; T. Wickham-Crowley,
Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America. A Comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes since 1956
(Princeton, 1992).

57
. A. Angell, ‘The Left in Latin America since c.1920’, in L. Benthall (ed.),
Latin America: Politics and Society since 1930
(Cambridge, 1998), p.110.

58
. C. Johnson,
Communist China and Latin America, 1959
–
1967
(New York, 1970).

59
. Gleijeses,
Conflicting Missions
, pp.81–4.

60
. Lúcio Lara, cited in ibid., p.83.

61
. Gleijeses,
Conflicting Missions
, p.84.

62
. E. Guevara,
The African Dream. The Diaries of the Revolutionary War in the Congo
(London, 2001), pp.6–8.

63
. Julius Nyerere,
Ujamaa – Essays on Socialism
(Dar-es-Salaam, 1968), p.11.

64
. Kwame Nkrumah,
Revolutionary Path
(New York, 1973), p.30.

65
. M. Radu and K. Somerville, ‘The Congo’, in C. Allen, M. Radu and K. Somerville (eds.),
Benin, the Congo and Burkina Faso. Politics, Economics and Society
(London, 1989), pp.159, 164–8.

66
. Pepetela,
Mayombe
(London, 1983), p.ii.

67
. Ibid., p.2.

68
. M. Hall and T. Young,
Confronting Leviathan: Mozambique since Independence
(London, 1997), pp.5–11; D. Birmingham,
Frontline Nationalism in Angola and Mozambique
(London, 1992), pp.15–17.

69
. P. Chabal,
Amilcar Cabral. Revolutionary Leadership and People’s War
(Cambridge, 1983), p.41.

70
. Ibid., p.87.

71
. J. Marcum,
The Angolan Revolution. Exile Politics and Guerrilla Warfare (1962
–
1976)
(Cambridge, Mass., 1978), pp.48–51.

72
. A. Drew, ‘Bolshevizing Communist Parties: The Algerian and South African Experience’, in
International Research in Social History
48 (2003), p.192.

73
. D. Fortescue, ‘The Communist Party of South Africa and the African Class in the 1940s’,
International Journal of African Historical Studies
24 (1991), pp.481–512.

74
. D. Everatt, ‘Alliance Politics of a Special Type: The Roots of the ANC/SACP Alliance, 1950–54’
Journal of Southern African Studies
18 (1992), pp.32–8.

75
. A. Gresh, ‘The Free Officers and the Comrades: The Sudanese Communist Party and Nimeiri Face to Face, 1969–1971’,
International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
21 (1989), p.395. See also G. Warburg,
Islam, Nationalism and Communism in a Traditional Society: The Case of Sudan
(London, 1978).

76
. R. Mortimer,
Indonesian Communism under Sukarno. Ideology and Politics, 1959
–
1965
(Ithaca, 1974), pp.366–7.

77
. See, for instance, Stephen M. Streeter, ‘Nation Building in the Land of Eternal Counterinsurgency: Guatemala and the Contradictions of the Alliance for Progress’,
Third World Quarterly
27 (2006), pp.57–68.

78
. M. Leffler,
For the Soul of All Mankind. The United States, the Soviet Union and the Cold War
(New York, 2007), p.211. For this obsession with personal humiliation, see F. Logevall,
Choosing War. The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam
(Berkeley, 1999), p.393.

79
. Mortimer,
Indonesian Communism
, ch.7.

80
. There is still disagreement over the role of the Communists in the coup. See H. Crouch,
The Army and Politics in Indonesia
, 2nd edn (Ithaca, 1988), ch.4; J. M. Van der Kroef, ‘Origins of the 1965 Coup in Indonesia: Probabilities and Alternatives’,
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
3 (1972), pp.277–98; Mortimer,
Indonesian Communism
, pp.413–41.

81
. For interpretations of the causes of the violence, see R. Cribb, ‘Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966’,
Asian Survey
42, 4 (2002), pp.550–63. For numbers, see ibid., pp.558–9.

82
. Rostow to Johnson, 11 October 1967, cited in O. A. Westad,
The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times
(Cambridge, 2005), p.178.