The Red Flag: A History of Communism (110 page)

17
. E. Van Ree, ‘Stalin’s Bolshevism: the First Decade’,
International Review of Social History
39 (1994), pp.361–81.

18
. R. Service,
Stalin. A Biography
(London, 2004), p.112.

19
. See, for instance, R. Pipes (ed.),
The Unknown Lenin. From the Secret Archive
(New Haven, 1998). For the argument that Lenin was a quasi-liberal, see M. Lewin,
Political Undercurrents in Soviet Economic Debates
(London, 1975), pp.46–7, 96.

20
. For Lenin’s emphasis on organization, see A. Walicki,
Marxism and the Leap to the Kingdom of Freedom
(Stanford, 1995), p.300. Lenin did compare the party with an army, though again it was the army’s organization he admired. See V. Lenin,
Collected Works
(47 vols.) (Moscow, 1960–70), vol. xxi, pp.252–3.

21
. For Stalin and nationalism, see E. Van Ree,
The Political Thought of Joseph Stalin. A Study in Twentieth Century Revolutionary Patriotism
(London, 2002).

22
. For organic metaphors, see ibid., ch.10.

23
. Stalin,
Sochineniia
, vol. i, pp.64–7.

24
. Ibid., vol. v, p.71.

25
. For Stalin’s geopolitical attitudes, see Rieber, ‘Stalin’, pp.1651–91. See also Stalin,
Sochineniia
, vol. iv, pp.286–7.

26
. Service,
Stalin
, p.167.

27
. For similarities between the methods of the two, see A. Graziosi, ‘At the Roots of Soviet Industrial Relations and Practice. Piatakov’s Donbass in 1921’,
Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique
36 (1995), pp.130–2.

28
. F. Gladkov,
Cement
(London, 1929), p.55.

29
. Ibid., pp.98–9.

30
. Ibid., p.302.

31
. For notions of the party and the state in the period, see D. Priestland,
Stalinism and the Politics of Mobilization. Ideas, Power and Terror in Inter-war Russia
(Oxford, 2007), pp.226–8.

32
. G. Vinokur, cited in I. Halfin,
Terror in My Soul: Communist Autobiographies on Trial
(Cambridge, Mass., 2003), p.237.

33
. I. Kallistov, quoted in E. Naiman,
Sex in Public. The Incarnation of Early Soviet Ideology
(Princeton, 1997), p.183.

34
. For a discussion, see S. Morrissey,
Heralds of Revolution: Russian Students and the Mythologies of Radicalism
(New York, 1998), pp.3–8.

35
. Cited in Halfin,
Terror in My Soul
, p.57. For a discussion of this theme in autobiographies, see ch.2.

36
. M. David-Fox,
Revolution of the Mind: Higher Learning among the Bolsheviks, 1918–1929
(Ithaca, 1997), p.127.

37
. Ibid., p.177; Jane Price,
Cadres, Commanders and Commissars: The Training of the Chinese Communist Leadership, 1920
–
1945
(Boulder, Colo., 1976), p.36.

38
. J. Cassiday,
The Enemy on Trial: Early Soviet Courts on Stage and Screen
(DeKalb, Ill., 2000).

39
. Halfin,
Terror in My Soul
, pp.260, 283–315.

40
. Ibid., p.32; Van Ree,
Political Thought
, p.131.

41
. Stalin,
Sochineniia
, vol. viii, p.121.

42
. V. Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom. The Personal and Political Life of a Soviet Official
(London, 1947), p.51.

43
. Stalin,
Sochineniia
, vol. xi, p.58.

44
. Ibid., vol. xiii, pp.29–42.

45
. Paul Gregory,
The Political Economy of Stalinism. Evidence from the Soviet Archives
(Cambridge, 2004), pp.111–22.

46
. See, for instance, S. Strumilin,
Na Planovom Fronte, 1920
–
1930 gg.
(Moscow, 1958), pp.395–405. For the Marxist ‘teleological’ school in economics, see E. H. Carr and R. W. Davies,
Foundations of the Planned Economy 1926
–
1929
(London, 1971), vol. i. pt ii, ch.32.

47
. L. Siegelbaum, ‘Production Collectives and Communes and the “Imperatives” of Soviet Industrialization’,
Slavic Review
45 (1986), pp.65–84; H. Kuromiya,
Stalin’s Industrial Revolution. Politics and Workers, 1928
–
1932
(Cambridge, 1988), pp.115–35.

48
. For this theme, see S. Fitzpatrick,
Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921
–
1934
(Cambridge, 1979).

49
. Stalin,
Sochineniia
, vol. xi, p.37. For the meaning of ‘democracy’ in this context, see Priestland,
Stalinism
, pp.200–10.

50
. Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom
, p.56.

51
. J. Scott,
Behind the Urals. An American Worker in Russia’s City of Steel
(Bloomington, 1973), pp.5–6.

52
. For workers’ attitudes, see J. Rossman,
Worker Resistance under Stalin: Class and Revolution on the Shop Floor
(Cambridge, Mass., 2005), pp.127–33.

53
. N. Jasny,
The Soviet 1956 Statistical Handbook. A Commentary
(East Lansing, Mich., 1957), p.41.

54
. L. Kopelev,
The Education of a True Believer
, trans. Gary Kern (London, 1981), p.226.

55
. D. Peris,
Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless
(Ithaca, 1998).

56
. Cited in L. Viola,
Peasant Rebels under Stalin. Collectivization and the Culture of Peasant Resistance
(New York, 1996), p.59.

57
. For the role of women in rebellions, see Viola,
Peasant Rebels
, ch.6.

58
. Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom
, pp.99–100.

59
. A. P. Nikishin to VTsIK, 1932. In L. Siegelbaum and A. Sokolov (eds.),
Stalinism as a Way of Life
(New Haven, 2000), p.67.

60
. N. Ivnitskii,
Kollektivizatsiia i Raskulachivanie: Nachalo 30-kh godov
(Moscow, 1996), pp.203–25.

61
. This story is told in
An American Engineer in Stalin’s Russia. The Memoirs of Zara Witkin, 1932
–
1934
, ed. Michael Gelb (Berkeley, 1991), pp.211–12.

62
. For an analysis that stresses these problems in Soviet-type economies, see J. Kornai,
The Economics of Shortage
(Amsterdam, 1980).

63
. Kuromiya,
Stalin’s Industrial Revolution
, p.180.

64
. Gregory,
Political Economy
, p.118.

65
. Stalin,
Sochineniia
, vol. xiii, p.57.

66
. S. Davies,
Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia. Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934
–
1941
(Cambridge, 1997), p.24.

67
. For the change in policy, see S. Fitzpatrick,
Stalin’s Peasants. Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization
(Oxford, 1994), pp.121–2.

68
.
Aleksandr Nevskii
(1938), dir. S. Eisenstein.

69
. Though these issues remained controversial, and were opposed within the party. See Fitzpatrick,
Stalin’s Peasants
, pp.240–1.

70
. E. Van Ree, ‘Heroes and Merchants. Stalin’s Understanding of National Character’,
Kritika
8 (2007), pp.41–65.

71
. S. Fitzpatrick,
Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s
(Oxford, 1999), pp.106–9.

72
. J. Brooks,
Thank You, Comrade Stalin! Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War
(Princeton, 2000), pp.126–7.

73
. This is the argument of T. Martin,
The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923
–
1939
(Ithaca, 2001).

74
. P. Kenez,
Cinema and Soviet Society, 1917
–
1953
(Cambridge, 1992), pp.202–4.

75
. For this term, see D. Brandenberger,
National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity, 1931
–
1956
(Cambridge, Mass., 2002).

76
. Cited in ibid., p.24.

77
. Cited in ibid., pp.101–3.

78
. L. Siegelbaum,
Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935–1941
(Cambridge, 1988), p.228.

79
.
Pravda
, 15 November 1935.

80
. Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsial’no-Politicheskoi Istorii [RGASPI], 558/11/1121, 27 (17 March 1938).

81
. Siegelbaum,
Stakhanovism
, pp.230–1.

82
. For these arguments, see S. Fitzpatrick, ‘Ascribing Class: the Construction of Social Identity in Soviet Russia’, in Fitzpatrick,
Stalinism. New Directions
(London, 2000), pp.20–46; T. Martin, ‘Modernization or Neo-traditionalism? Ascribed Nationality and Soviet Primordialism’, in Fitzpatrick,
Stalinism
, pp.348–67.