The Red Flag: A History of Communism (106 page)

60
. E. Zola,
Germinal
, trans. P. Collier (Oxford, 1993), p.288.

61
. Ibid., p.349.

62
. Ibid., p.523.

63
. For this analysis, see Mann,
Sources of Power
, vol. ii, chs.17–18; G. Eley,
Forging Democracy. The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000
(New York, 2002), pp. 64–5, 79.

64
. ‘The Diary of Nikolaus Osterroth’, in
The German Worker. Working-Class Autobiographies from the Age of Industrialization
, trans. and ed. A. Kelly (Berkeley, 1987), pp.170–1.

65
. Ibid., p.172.

66
. Ibid., p.187.

67
. E. Weitz,
Creating German Communism 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State
(Princeton, 1997), p.51.

68
. Cited in
The German Worker
, p.409.

69
. V. Lidtke,
The Alternative Culture: Socialist Labor in Imperial Germany
(New York, 1985), pp.186–7.

70
. ‘The Diary of Otto Krille’, in
The German Worker
, p.276.

71
. For this point, see S. Berger, ‘Germany’, in
The Force of Labour
, eds. S. Berger and D. Broughton (Oxford, 1995), p.73.

72
. Lidtke,
Alternative Culture
; B. Emig,
Die Veredelung des Arbeiters. Sozialdemokratie als Kulturbewegung
(Frankfurt am Main, 1980).

73
. Lidtke,
Alternative Culture
, p.88.

74
. Ibid., pp.107–8; see also A. Körner,
Das Lied von einer anderen Welt. Kulturelle Praxis im französischen und deutschen Arbeitermilieu 1840–1890
(Frankfurt am Main, 1997), p.117.

75
. Weitz,
Creating German Communism
, p.50.

76
. Lidtke,
Alternative Culture
, p.52.

77
. ‘Diary of Otto Krille’, in
The German Worker
, pp.267–8.

78
. Eley,
Forging Democracy
, p.79.

79
. K. Kautsky,
Selected Political Writings
, trans. and ed. P. Goode (London, 1983), pp.11–12.

80
. S. Hickey,
Workers in Imperial Germany: the Miners of the Ruhr
(Oxford, 1985).

81
. J. Rupnik, ‘The Czech Socialists and the Nation (1848–1918)’, in E. Cahm and V. Fišera (eds.),
Socialism and Nationalism in Contemporary Europe (1848
–
1945)
, vol. ii (Nottingham, 1979).

82
. R. Evans,
Proletarians and Politics. Socialism, Protest and the Working Class in Germany before the First World
War (New York, 1990), p.93.

83
. August Bebel,
Die Frau und der Sozialismus
, cited in S. Berger,
Social Democracy and the Working Class in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Germany
(Harlow, 2000), p.89.

84
. The twenty comprised Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech lands, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States.

85
. For this episode, see James Joll,
The Second International
(London, 1968), p.33.

86
. Ibid., p.45.

87
. Quoted in G. Steenson,
Karl Kautsky, 1854
–
1938: Marxism in the Classical Years
(Pittsburgh, 1991), p.47.

88
. G. Steenson,
“Not One Man! Not One Penny!” German Social Democracy, 1863
–
1914
(Pittsburgh, 1981), pp.120–1.

89
. Cited in Steenson,
Karl Kautsky
, pp.120–1.

90
. H. Goldberg,
Life of Jean Jaurès
(Madison, 1962), ch.11.

91
. J. Miller,
From Elite to Mass Politics. Italian Socialism in the Giolittian Era, 1900–1914
(Kent, Ohio, 1990), pp.25–9.

92
. For an older view, that conflict was well-established before 1914, see C. Schorske,
German Social Democracy. The Development of the Great Schism
(Cambridge, Mass., 1955); for a combination of this view and the argument that the war precipitated the split, see W. Kruse,
Krieg und nationale Integration. Eine Neuinterpretation des sozialdemokratischen Burgfriedensschlusses, 1914
–
15
(Essen, 1993).

93
. Cited in P. Gay,
The Dilemma of Democratic Socialism. Eduard Bernstein’s Challenge to Marx
(New York, 1952), p.296.

94
. For Bernstein and revisionism, see M. Steger,
The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism. Eduard Bernstein and Social Democracy
(Cambridge, 1997).

95
. For the Social Democratic right and imperialism, see R. Fletcher,
Revisionism and Empire. Socialist Imperialism in Germany, 1897
–
1914
(London, 1984).

96
. Cited in H. Mitchell and P. Stearns,
Workers and Protest: the European Labor Movement, the Working Classes and the Origins of Social Democracy, 1890
–
1914
(Itasca, Ill., 1971), p.211.

97
. For the 1905 revolution, see Chapter Two, pp.77–9.

98
. For the SPD’s acceptance of a doctrine of ‘national defence’, see N. Stargardt,
The German Idea of Militarism
(Cambridge, 1994), p.148.

99
. Haase to Rappoport, cited in G. Haupt,
Socialism and the Great War. The Collapse of the Second International
(Oxford, 1972), p.208.

100
. Cited in Joll,
The Second International
, p.178.

1
.
Konets Peterburga
(1927), dir. V. Pudovkin. For the themes in the film, see A. Sargeant,
Vsevolod Pudovkin. Classic Films of the Soviet Avant-Garde
(London, 2000), pp.94–5.

2
. For the film and its reception, see V. Kepley,
The End of St Petersburg: The Film Companion
(London, 2003).

3
. R. Wortman,
Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy
,
Vol. 2: From Alexander II to the Abdication of Nicholas II
(Princeton, 2000), pp.351–8.

4
. Cited in Wortman,
Scenarios of Power
, p.354.

5
. Cited in ibid., p.362. For the incident see pp.358–64.

6
. S. Kanatchikov,
A Radical Worker in Tsarist Russia: the Autobiography of Semen Ivanovich Kanatchikov
, trans. and ed. R. Zelnik (Stanford, 1986), p.45.

7
. G. Freeze, ‘The
Soslovie
(Estate) Paradigm and Russian Social History’,
American Historical Review
91 (1986), pp.11–36.

8
. For peasants’ attitudes, see O. Figes,
A People’s Tragedy. The Russian Revolution, 1891
–
1924
(London, 1996), pp.98–102.

9
. Kanatchikov,
Radical Worker
, pp.9–10.

10
. Cited in T. McDaniel,
Autocracy, Capitalism and Revolution in Russia
(Berkeley, 1988), p.172.

11
. For the effect of
What is to be Done?
on the Russian intelligentsia, see I. Paperno,
Chernyshevsky and the Age of Realism: a Study in the Semiotics of Behavior
(Stanford, 1988), pp.30–2.

12
. J. Scanlan, ‘Chernyshevsky and Rousseau’, in A. Mikotin (ed.),
Western Philosophical Systems in Russian Literature: a Collection of Critical Studies
(Los Angeles, 1979), pp.103–6.

13
. N. Chernyshevskii,
What is to be Done? Tales about New People
, trans. B. Tucker, expanded by C. Porter (London, 1982), pp.320–6.

14
. For the argument that Chernyshevskii was actually very critical of his characters, even if his readers may not have been, see A. Drozd,
Chernyshevskii’s What is to be Done?: A Reevaluation
(Evanston, 2001).

15
. For the critique of
aziatchina
, see C. Ingerflom,
Le Citoyen impossible. Les Racines russes du leninisme
(Paris, 1988), pp.60–1.

16
. Drozd,
Chernyshevskii’s What is to be Done?

17
. Chernyshevskii,
What is to be Done?
, pp.228–60.

18
. Ibid., p.242.

19
. Ibid., pp.228–60.

20
. See S. Morrissey,
Heralds of Revolution: Russian Students and the Mythologies of Radicalism
(New York, 1998), p.19.

21
. Ibid., p.25.

22
. For the debate, see F. Venturi,
Roots of Revolution. A History of the Socialist and Populist Movements in Nineteenth Century Russia
, trans. F. Haskell (New York, 1966), pp.429–68.

23
. Cited in A. Gleason,
Young Russia. The Genesis of Russian Radicalism in the 1860s
(Chicago, 1980), p.356.

24
. Daniel Field, ‘Peasants and Propagandists in the Russian Movement to the People of 1874’,
Journal of Modern History
59 (1987), pp.415–38.

25
. A. Geifman,
Thou Shalt Kill
.
Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894
–
1917
(Princeton, 1993), pp.20–1.