The Red Flag: A History of Communism (111 page)

83
. Nicholas Ostrovsky,
The Making of a Hero
, trans. A. Brown (London, 1937).

84
. J. Baberowski,
Der rote Terror: die Geschichte des Stalinismus
(Munich, 2003), p.162.

85
. Cited in Davies,
Popular Opinion
, p.169.

86
. Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom
, p.101.

87
. ‘Diary of L. Potemkin’, in V. Garros, N. Korenevskaya and T. Lahusen (eds.),
Intimacy and Terror. Soviet Diaries of the 1930s
, trans. C. Flath (New York, 1995), pp.274–5. For this diary, see J. Hellbeck,
Revolution on My Mind: Writing a Diary under Stalin
(Cambridge, Mass., 2006), ch.6.

88
. ‘Diary of L. Potemkin’, p.277.

89
. See, for instance, Stepan Podliubnyi, in Hellbeck,
Revolution
, ch.5.

90
. A. Inkeles and R. Bauer,
The Soviet Citizen. Daily Life in a Totalitarian Society
(Cambridge, Mass., 1959).

91
. A. Rossi,
Generational Differences in the Soviet Union
(New York, 1980), pp.295–7. See also D. Bahry, ‘Society Transformed? Rethinking the Social Roots of Perestroika’,
Slavic Review
52 (1993), pp.512–15.

92
. Scott,
Behind the Urals
, p.43.

93
. For Magnitogorsk workers’ integration into the system, see S. Kotkin,
Magnetic Mountain. Stalinism as a Civilization
(Berkeley, 1995), ch.5.

94
. Scott,
Behind the Urals
, pp.47, 46.

95
. Davies,
Popular Opinion
, p.139.

96
. Fitzpatrick,
Everyday Stalinism
.

97
. Fitzpatrick,
Stalin’s Peasants
, p.288.

98
. The famous song from the film
Circus
(1936).

99
. ‘The Diary of Arzhilovsky’, in Garros et al.,
Intimacy and Terror
, p.131.

100
. Fitzpatrick,
Stalin’s Peasants
, p.323.

101
. O. Khlevniuk,
The History of the Gulag. From Collectivization to the Great Terror
(New Haven, 2004), p.328.

102
. Complaint from a special settler to the Political Red Cross, before 8 August 1930. Cited in Khlevniuk,
History of the Gulag
, pp.15–16.

103
. Sarah Davies stresses the discourse of ‘us’ and ‘them’. Davies,
Popular Opinion
, ch.8.

104
. RGASPI 558/11/1118, 101–2.

105
. J. Harris,
The Great Urals. Regionalism and the Evolution of the Soviet System
(Ithaca, 1999), ch.5.

106
. Stalin,
Sochineniia
, vol. xiii, p.232.

107
.
Partiinyi billet
(1936), dir. I. Py’rev.

108
. Kenez,
Cinema and Soviet
Society, p.145.

109
. L. Kaganovsky, ‘Visual Pleasure in Stalinist Cinema. Ivan Pyr’ev’s
Party Card
’, in C. Klaier and E. Naiman,
Everyday Life in Early Soviet Russia
.
Taking the Revolution Inside
(Bloomington, 2006), pp. 35–6, 53–4.

110
. For two very different interpretations, see J. Getty and O. Naumov,
The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932
–
1939
(New Haven, 1999); O. Khlevniuk,
Master of the House. Stalin and his Inner Circle
(New Haven, 2009). For an elaboration of the approach here, see Priestland,
Stalinism
, ch.5.

111
. For Ezhov’s role, see J. Getty and O. Naumov,
Yezhov, The Rise of Stalin’s ‘Iron Fist’
(New Haven, 2008), ch.8.

112
. Cited in Van Ree,
Political Thought
, p.134.

113
. For this point, see Kotkin,
Magnetic Mountain
.

114
. Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom
, p.107.

115
. E. Ginzburg,
Into the Whirlwind
, trans. P. Stevenson and M. Harari (London, 1967), p.44.

116
. Hellbeck,
Revolution
, pp.318–19.

117
. Scott,
Behind the Urals
, p.195.

118
. Historians disagree over Stalin’s plans, and we still lack evidence. Khlevniuk argues that Stalin was planning to destroy the regional bosses from at least mid-1936. See O. Khlevniuk, ‘The First Generation of Stalinist “Party Generals”’, in E. Rees (ed.),
Centre–Local Relations in the Stalinist State, 1928
–1941 (Basingstoke, 2001), pp.59–60; Getty and Naumov argue he did not plan it. See Getty and Naumov,
The Road to Terror
. For economic issues, see Harris,
The Great Urals
, pp.182–5.

119
. Molotov, among others, argued this.
Sto sorok besed s Molotvym. Iz dnevnika F Chueva
(Moscow, 1991), p.390.

120
. For a discussion of these figures, see Getty and Naumov,
The Road to Terror
, pp.587–94.

121
.
Ivan Groznyi,
parts I and II (1944 and 1946), dir. S. Eisenstein.

122
. For these films, see Bordwell,
The Cinema of Eisenstein
, pp.223–53; M. Perrie,
The Cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin’s Russia
(Basingstoke, 2001), ch.7.

1
. Golomstock,
Totalitarian Art in the Soviet Union, the Third Reich, Fascist Italy and the People’s Republic of China
, trans. R. Chandler (London, 1990).

2
. For contrasts, see C. Lindey,
Art in the Cold War. From Vladivostok to Kalamazoo, 1945–62
(London, 1990), p.25.

3
. See D. Ades, ‘Paris 1937. Art and the Power of Nations’, in D. Ades et al. (eds.),
Art and Power. Europe under the Dictators, 1930–45
(London, 1995), pp.58–62; K. Fiss, ‘In Hitler’s Salon. The German Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition Internationale’, in R. Etlin (ed.),
Art, Culture, and Media under the Third Reich
(Chicago, 2002), pp.316–42; S. Wilson, ‘The Soviet Pavilion in Paris’, in M. Cullerne Bown and B. Taylor (eds.),
Art of the Soviets. Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in a One-party State, 1917
–
1992
(Manchester, 1993), pp.106–20.

4
. Cited in James Herbert,
Paris 1937. Worlds on Exhibition
(Ithaca, 1998), p.36.

5
. See M. Daniel, ‘Spain: Culture at War’, in Ades et al.,
Art and Power
, pp.64–7.

6
. Herbert,
Paris
1937, ch.3.

7
. T. Draper,
American Communism and Soviet Russia. The Formative Period
(New York, 1986), p.419.

8
. K. McDermott and J. Agnew,
The Comintern. A History of International Communism from Lenin to Stalin
(Basingstoke, 1996), p.105.

9
. C. Epstein,
The Last Revolutionaries. The German Communists and their Century
(Cambridge, Mass., 2003), pp.40–1.

10
. Cited in R. Boyce,
British Capitalism at the Crossroads. 1919
–
1932: A Study in Politics, Economics and International Relations
(Cambridge, 1987), pp.115–16.

11
. For this point, see R. Evans,
The Coming of the Third Reich
(London, 2008), p.286.

12
.
Tsirk
(1936), dir. G. Aleksandrov.

13
. McDermott and Agnew,
The Comintern
, pp.125–6.

14
. See Dimitrov to Stalin, 1 July 1934, in A. Dallin and F. Firsov (eds.),
Dimitrov and Stalin 1934
–
1943. Letters from the Soviet Archives
(New Haven, 2000), pp.13–14.

15
. I. Stalin,
Sochineniia
(Moscow, 1946–51), vol. xii, p.255.

16
. Ibid.

17
. Ibid., vol. x, p.169. For the comparison, see E. Van Ree,
The Political Thought of Joseph Stalin. A Study in Twentieth Century Revolutionary Patriotism
(London, 2002), pp.18–24.

18
. For an exploration of this theme, see S. Pons,
Stalin and the Inevitable War 1936–1941
(London, 2002).

19
. Stalin,
Sochineniia
, vol. vii, pp.26–7.

20
. K. Denchev and M. Meshcheriakov, ‘Dnevnikovye zapisi G. Dimitrova’,
Novaia i noveishaia istoriia
4 (1991), pp.67–8.

21
. For the debate and decisions, see McDermott and Agnew,
The Comintern
, pp.121–30. For socialist thinking, see G. R. Horn,
European Socialists Respond to Fascism. Ideology, Activism and Contingency in the 1930s
(New York, 1996), ch.6.

22
. J. Degras (ed.),
The Communist International, 1919
–
1943. Vol. iii,
(London, 1971), pp. 361–5.

23
. M. Denning,
The Cultural Front. The Labouring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century
(London, 1996), pp.7–11; I. Katznelson, ‘Was the Great Society a Lost Opportunity?’, in S. Fraser and G. Gerstle,
The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930
–
1980
(Princeton, 1989), p.186.

24
. Maurice Thorez,
Fils du peuple
(Paris, 1949), pp.27–8.