Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics (168 page)

and Gospel of Thomas,
341

on Herod,
488

and Jesus’ brothers,
486

and two-source hypothesis,
55

Matthias (author of Thomas the Contender),
412

Matthias (disciple replacing Judas Iscariot),
15
,
392
,
412
,
415

Maximin,
352
,
354

Maximus,
352

medical schools,
116
–17

medicinal lies,
539
–540,
542
,
543
,
545

Melchizedek tractate,
152
,
432
–34

Melito,
332

Memoirs (Hegesippus),
288

Memoirs of Peter,
118
,
324
–26,
326
nn.
6
–7,
327
n.
8

Memorabilia (Favorinus),
139

Memorabilia (Xenophon),
135

Menedemus of Eretria,
53

Michal,
547
–48

Milton, John,
460

Mishna,
350

The Mistaken Critic (Lucian),
98

Mithridates,
93
n.
2
,
122
,
122
n.
95
,
133

Mixing-Bowl (Zopyrus of Heraclea),
86

morality of forgery,
546
–48

Mordechai, Letter of,
101

Moses,
51
,
73
,
305
–6,
319
–20,
321
,
482

Moses, Testament of,
74
n.
18

motivations of forgers,
97
–105

apologia,
100
–102,
102
n.
36

authority of authors,
119
–21,
150
–51,
153

in condemning forgeries,
18

and deceptive intentions of forgers,
131
–32,
150
–51

defamation of character,
102
–4

humility of students,
105

Olympiodorus on,
112

political and religious authorization,
98
–99

profitability,
97
–98

Salvian’s defense,
93
–96

supplementation of a tradition,
104
–5

validation of views,
119
–21

Muratorian Fragment

on Apocalypse of Peter,
446
,
447

on authority of canonical Gospels,
120

and criteria for authentication,
91

and Epistle of James,
285

on heretical works,
76

on Johannine writings,
423

on Letter to the Laodiceans,
75
,
440
,
440
n.
97
,
441
,
442
,
443
–44

on Luke,
277

on Pauline letters,
150

on Shepherd of Hermas,
49
,
120
n.
92

on Wisdom of Solomon,
71
n.
6

Musaeus,
61
,
86

Myra,
381

Mysteries (Abamon),
30
,
46

Nag Hammadi library

on the flesh,
23
,
409
,
418
–19

and Gnosticism,
23
,
334

narrative voice in,
272

and scope of book,
6

on suffering of Christ,
409

texts of

1 Apocalypse of James,
284
,
409
,
531

2 Apocalypse of James,
284
,
409

Apocryphon of James,
284
,
306

Book of Thomas the Contender,
152
,
412
–15,
413
n.
9
,
418
,
431
,
439

Gospel of Philip,
2
,
19
–20,
149
,
236
,
417
,
531

Letter of Peter to Philip,
223
,
409
,
411
,
438
,
450

Melchizedek tractate,
152
,
432
–34

Paraphrase of Shem,
152
,
404
–6

Second Treatise of the Great Seth,
20
,
365
,
406
,
411

See also
Apocalypse of Peter, Coptic

Narrative of Joseph of Arimathea,
365

narrative voice,
266
,
270
n.
79
,
270
–76

Nathaniel,
397

Natural History (Pliny the Elder),
54

Nautical Astronomy (Thales),
81

Neophron of Sicyon,
70

Nero,
127
,
241
,
360

Nestorius,
46

New Testament

and Apostolic Constitutions,
16
–17

number of forged writings in,
529

orthonymous writings in,
1

presumed authenticity of writings,
17

See also specific books

Nicene orthodoxy,
395
,
467
,
475
,
476
n.
65
,
478
,
479

Nicephorus,
447

Nicodemus,
354
–55,
357

Nicodemus, gospel of,
60
,
105
,
149
,
152
,
354

Nikos (Nuqus),
110

Noah and the flood,
72
,
73
,
86
,
140

noble lies,
135
,
136
,
540
–41.
See also
lies and deception

non-pseudepigraphic forgeries,
35

Noriah,
19

Numa Pompilius,
124
–25

Ogdoad (Irenaeus),
66
–67

Okkelos,
109

Old Testament,
52
.
See also specific books

Olympiodorus,
32
,
48
,
98
,
112
–13

“On Fate” (Minucius Felix),
75

“On Grammarians” (Suetonius),
108

On Poetry Attributed to Orpheus (Epigenes),
86

“On the Gospel,”
90

On the Nature of Man (Hippocrates),
138

“On the Proverbs of Solomon,”
90

On the Two Forms of Martyrdom (Cyprian),
25

Onesimus,
174

Onesiphorus,
380
,
381

Onias III,
100
–101,
101
n.
30

Onomacritus,
61
–62,
84
,
86

oracles

acrostics in,
127
–28

as apologia,
100
,
153
,
483
,
513
–18,
518
–19

and motivations of forgers,
98
–99

Onomacritus’ falsifying of,
61
–62,
84
,
86

role of,
61
n.
76

Sibylline Oracles,
508
–19

as apologia,
100
,
513
–18

as Christian creations,
128
,
512
–13

Christian interpolations of,
510
–12

as counter-forgeries,
518
–19

numbering of,
508

Sibyls,
2
,
508
,
509
–10,
513
–19

oral traditions and cultures,
383

Oratio ad Graecos (Justin),
51
,
149

Origen

on Apocalypse of Paul,
452
,
452
n.
133

on authority of canonical Gospels,
120
,
120
n.
92

Commentary on John,
71
n.
6
,
544

Commentary on Matthew,
486

Contra Celsum,
338
,
516
–17,
542
–43

criteria for authorial attribution,
88

De principiis,
65

and De recta in deum fide,
49

on deception,
542
–44

and detection of forgeries,
139

on disputed authorship,
75

and Epistle of James,
296

on eschatological renewal of creation,
233

falsifications of writings by,
64
,
65
,
76
–77

on Hebrews,
88
,
88
n.
66
,
118

on interpolated oracles,
100

Isaiah cited by,
338

on Johannine writings,
424

on John’s writings,
88
n.
66

and Pastoral epistles,
193

on 2 Peter,
223

on Petrine epistles,
88
n.
66

on Protevangelium Jacobi,
486

on Shepherd of Hermas,
48

on Sibyls and oracles,
516
–17

on Wisdom of Solomon,
71
n.
6

writings in name of,
50
,
121
,
463
–64

Orpheus,
79
,
86

Orphic poems,
79

orthonymous writing,
1
,
7
,
71
,
156

Ovid,
44

P writer,
192
,
222

pagan literature, forgery in,
69
–70,
123
–25,
128

Palestine,
243
–47,
286
–87

Panaetius,
47

Panarion (Epiphanius),
19
–24

Panthera,
489
,
491

Papias,
229
,
232
,
325
,
453

Paraphrase of Shem,
152
,
404
–6

Parthenopaeus (Pseudo-Sophocles),
13
,
103
,
128

Paschal Homily of Melito,
332

Pasiphon,
70

Passion of Perpetua,
502
–4,
503
n.
58
,
506

The Passion of Peter and Paul,
359

The Passion of Sts. Perpetua and Felicitas
(Harris and Gifford),
506

“Passion of Tarachus, Probus, and Andronicus,”
352

Pastoral epistles,
192
–217

and Acts of Paul,
379
–84,
382
n.
21

arguments for authenticity of,
211
–13

authorship of,
201
–2,
202
–5,
206
,
368

on church organization and leadership,
152
,
203
–5,
208
,
367
–84,
400

common authorship of,
195
–202,
205
,
368

as corpus,
193
–95,
194
n.
12
,
201
n.
22
,
368
,
368
n.
3

as counterforgeries,
384

and Gnosticism,
192
,
368
n.
3
,
370
,
371
–72

historical context of,
369
–70

and intertextual interpretations,
375
–76

Pauline/non-Pauline views in,
206
–11

polemical attacks in,
213
–17

and Pseudo-Ignatian letters,
468
n.
57
,
479

scholarly perspectives on,
192
–93

verisimilitudes in,
206
,
209
,
210
,
212
,
212
n.
35

on women,
374
–77

writing style of,
202
–3,
212

See also
Titus; 1 Timothy; 2 Timothy

Patavinus,
99

Paul

absolution of,
482

and anonymous texts,
49

and antinomianism,
302
–3,
304
,
305

and Antioch,
257
,
261
n.
61
,
261
–62,
264
,
308
(
see also
Peter–Paul relationship)

apocalyptic message of,
155

and apologetic forgeries,
101

and the apostles,
257
,
263
,
267
,
281

and Apostolic Constitutions,
15
,
392

authority of,
152
,
173
,
260
,
262
,
280
–81

and author’s relationship to authority,
87
–88

and Barnabas,
317

on circumcision,
343

and Clement of Rome,
311
,
318

and coauthorship theory,
212
–13,
213
n.
39

communities of,
173
,
203
–5

conflicting views attributed to,
87
–88

conversion of,
257
,
263
,
267
,
280
,
309

death of,
181
n.
53

deceptions of,
542

disputes regarding works of,
74
,
76

and Epistle of James,
261
,
290
–91,
291
n.
16
,
294
–95,
295
n.
23
,
296
–97

and Epistula Clementis,
309
–12