Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics (165 page)

writing style of,
162
,
175
–76,
185

Galen

“Concerning the Genuine and Forged Writings of Hippocrates,”
116
–17

and criteria for authentication,
143
n.
152

criticism of,
80
,
80
n.
43

De libris propriis,
82
,
121
,
167
,
306

detection of forgeries,
138

on exercising caution with books,
306

forgeries among surviving texts,
82

on Heraclides Ponticus,
13

on Hippocratic corpus,
80
,
116
–17

on market for forgeries,
97
–98

reaction to forgeries,
82
,
167

writing style of,
82
,
121
,
138

Galilee,
243
–46

Gamaliel,
314

Gelasian Decree,
447
,
452
,
486

Genesis

on Abraham’s deception,
135
,
547

on Adam and Eve,
235
,
376

cited by Eusebius,
321

cited in James,
292
,
296
n.
26

on Isaac’s deception,
135

on Jacob’s deception,
547

“genuine religious pseudepigraphy” category of forgery,
36
–38,
37
n.
15

Germanicus,
500

Glaucon,
70
,
81

Gnostics and Gnosticism

and Acts of John,
411

and Apocalypse of Peter,
447

and Book of Thomas the Contender,
412
–13

and Coptic Apocalypse of Peter,
407
–12

in Corinthian congregation,
430
n.
68

and 3 Corinthians,
429
–30,
430
n.
68

and Didascalia Apostolorum,
349

Epiphanius’ condemnation of,
19
–24

and Epistula Apostolorum,
435
–38

and fabrications,
58

on the flesh,
23
,
24
,
406
,
411
,
432
–34,
437

and Melchizedek tractate,
432
–34

and Paraphrase of Shem,
404
–6

and Pastoral epistles,
192
,
368
n.
3
,
370
,
371
–72

and 2 Peter,
226

and Peter,
402
–4

Phibionites,
19
–24,
58

and Pseudo-Ignatian letters,
467
,
471
–72,
474

and 2 Timothy,
214

God

authorial spirit of,
38
–39

deceptions of,
135
–36,
548

Gospel of Perfection,
19

gospels

anonymous authorships of,
50
,
51
,
52
,
75

assignment of attributions to,
51
–52

authenticity disputes of,
74
,
75

extent of forgeries among,
149

and two-source hypothesis,
51
–52,
55

See also specific gospels, such as
Thomas, gospel of
and
Luke, gospel of

grace

and antinomianism,
301
–3,
303
n.
48
,
304
,
305

in Epistle of Jude,
302
–3,
303
n.
48

in Pauline forgeries,
186
–87,
295
,
302
–3

Greater Questions of Mary,
19
,
20
–22,
23
–24,
24
n.
33
,
150

Greek Apocalypse of Peter,
42
,
225
,
232
–33,
272

Grossteste, Robert,
461

Hadrian,
26

Halicarnassan,
50

Hebrews

anti-Jewish sentiments of,
323
n.
2

authenticity of, challenged,
76

and authority of authors,
88

authorship of,
49
,
118

on crucifixion,
418

eschatological theme of,
163

as non-pseudepigraphic forgery,
149

Origen on,
88
,
88
n.
66
,
118

writing style of,
139

Hecataeus,
71

Hegesippus,
76
,
288
,
301
,
321

Heidelberg Papyrus,
426

Heliodorus,
541

hell,
448

Heraclides Ponticus,
11
–14,
26
,
47
,
53
,
103

heresiology,
19
–24,
22
n.
29

heretics,
150

Hermagoras,
47

Hermas,
32
n.
8
,
48
–49

Hermes,
120
n.
92

Hermogenes,
228
n.
75
,
380
,
381
,
383

Hero (Pseudo-Ignatius),
461
,
462
,
472
,
473
,
479

Herod,
85
,
99
, 102,
328
–29,
485
,
488

Herod Agrippa,
361

Herod Antipas,
358
,
361
–62,
488

Herodotus,
50
,
61
,
79
,
84
,
140

Heroides (Ovid),
44

Hesiod,
37
,
53
,
80

Hezekiah, Testament of,
333

Hilduin of St. Denis,
26

Hincmar of Rheims,
26

Hippocrates,
98
,
116
–17,
119
,
143
n.
152
,
144

Hippocratic corpus,
86
–87,
116
n.
75
,
116
–17,
138

Hippodamus,
109

Hippolytus,
14
,
50
,
384

Historia Augusta (Pseudo-Spartianus),
26
,
45
–46

historical problems and anachronisms,
139
–40

Histories (Polybius),
57

Histories (Timaeus),
54
,
115

History of Joseph the Carpenter,
67

History of the Peloponnesian War (Thucydides),
56

Holy Spirit, authorial spirit of,
38
–39

Homer,
50
,
53
,
62
,
79

Homilies (Pseudo-Clement)

Arian perspective of,
458
–460

on authority of Paul,
152

on authority of Peter,
309

authorship of,
1
,
150
,
312

as counter-counter history,
321

dating of,
312
n.
63

and Epistula Clementis,
308

and Epistula Petri,
305
,
308

and Eusebius,
320
–21

on Judaism,
332

and Paul,
312
,
315
,
316
–18

polemics of,
315
,
316
–17

homonymity in authors’ names,
30
,
32
,
47
–49

Hosea,
250
,
253

humility as motivation of forgers,
105

Hymenaeus,
191
,
372
–73

Iamblichus,
30
,
46
,
107
,
110
–11,
111
n.
64

Ibn Abi Usaybi’a,
109

Ignatius of Antioch

on authority of apostles,
120

death of,
506
–8

and flesh-of-Christ debates,
419
,
421

letters of,
460

and Pseudo-Ignatius,
469
–470

and purpose of Pseudo-Ignatian forgeries,
468

writings in name of, 1 n.
2
, 2,
121
,
150
,
532
(
see also
Pseudo-Ignatian letters)

Iliad (Homer),
62

Infancy Gospel of Thomas,
35
,
60
,
105
,
273
,
274

intellectual property,
78
–81,
79
n.
34
,
83

intention to deceive,
128
–32

as inherent to forgery,
30
–31,
533
–34

scholarly perspectives on,
30
n.
3
,
33
n.
8
,
78
,
178
n.
47

internecine conflicts,
151
,
152
,
282

interpolations,
128

Ion of Chius,
79
,
86

Iphicrates,
139

Irenaeus

on Abraham,
296
n.
26

Adversus Haereses,
58

authority of,
278
n.
107

on authorship of gospels,
51

on bishops of Rome,
310

on crucifixion,
546
n.
41

curses of,
66
–67

and fabrications,
58

To Florinus,
272
–73,
274

and Gnosticism,
22
,
23

on Gospel of Basilides,
411

on heretical works,
76
,
150

Johannine epistles cited by,
423

on Luke,
276
–77,
279

narrative voice of,
272
–73

on Peter–Paul relationship,
310
n.
62
,
310
–11

on Valentinians,
22
,
58

Isaac,
547

Isaiah

authorship of,
70

martyrdom of,
332
–33,
337

visions of,
333
–38,
399
,
399
n.
87

writings in name of,
264
(
see also
Ascension of Isaiah; Vision of Isaiah)

1 Isaiah,
2
,
34
,
34
n.
10
,
39
–40,
253
,
338

2 Isaiah,
41
,
70

3 Isaiah,
70

Isidorus,
62

Isocrates,
138

Jacob,
544
,
547

James (apostle)

and Acts of the Apostles,
263
–64,
288
,
307

and Apostolic Constitutions,
15
,
392

authority of,
5
,
284
,
296
–97,
309

and Clement of Rome,
309

and Coptic Apocalypse of Peter,
404
n.
99

and Epistula Clementis,
309

and Epistula Petri,
305
,
307
,
308

illiteracy of,
285
–87,
287
n.
7

and Jerusalem conference,
257
,
263
–64

on Jewish Law and Jewish identity,
287
–88

and leadership of the church,
404
n.
99

martyrdom of,
288

and Paul,
281
,
288
,
290
,
296
–97,
307
,
315
,
317

and Recognitions,
314
–15

writings in name of,
284
,
284
n.
1

1 Apocalypse of James,
284
,
409
,
531

2 Apocalypse of James,
284
,
409
,
531

Apocryphon of James,
272
,
284
,
306
,
404
n.
99

Gospel of James,
75
,
149

See also
James, epistle of; Protevangelium Jacobi

James, epistle of,
286
–297

attack on Paul in,
290
–91,
291
n.
16
,
294
–95,
295
n.
23
,
296
–97

audience of,
284
,
288

authenticity of, challenged,
74

authority of,
285

on authority of Paul,
152

authorship of,
33
,
283
–84,
285
,
296
–97

1 Corinthians compared to,
293
n.
19

as counterforgery,
290
–91,
295

and criteria for authentication,
89
,
144

on cultural identity,
287
–88

dating of,
289
–90

and Epistle of Jude,
298

evidence of forgery in,
285
–290

on faith vs. works,
288
–89,
290
–91,
292
–93,
294
–95

false attribution of,
149

and Homilies,
320

and Jesus,
285
,
287
n.
10

and Jewish Law,
287
–89

Letter to the Romans compared to,
293
n.
19

literary dependence in,
291
,
292
–95