Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics (161 page)
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Authors: Bart D. Ehrman
and Jesus,
328
–332,
337
,
338
–44,
344
n.
51
,
354
–58
Letter of Herod to Pilate,
361
–62
Letter of Pilate to Claudius,
359
–61
Letter of Pilate to Herod,
362
antinomianism,
301
–3,
303
n.
48
,
304
,
305
Antioch incident
Galatians on,
257
,
307
,
308
,
316
,
543
and Homilies,
316
and Jewish identity,
287
and Johnson’s case,
290
Antiochians (Pseudo-Ignatius)
on church offices,
463
scholarly perspectives on,
462
techniques of forgers in,
469
theological investments of,
470
theological perspectives in,
471
–73
Ussher’s exposure of,
461
Antonius Gnipho,
108
Antony,
99
Apion,
144
Apocalypse of Adam,
20
1 Apocalypse of James,
284
,
409
,
531
2 Apocalypse of James,
284
,
409
,
531
Apocalypse of John
and Ascension of Isaiah,
336
–37
authenticity of, challenged,
75
,
76
and criteria for authentication,
142
curse in conclusion of,
66
Dionysius on,
88
–89
eschatological theme of,
167
,
229
and homonymity issue,
48
writing style of,
139
Apocalypse of Paul
afterlife narrative of,
453
n.
137
anti-Jewish sentiments of,
453
–54
authorship of,
2
techniques of forgers in,
123
,
125
Apocalypse of Peter
afterlife narrative of,
447
–48
authenticity of, challenged,
75
as counterforgery,
447
and criteria for authentication,
89
,
143
and Gospel of Mark,
447
and Gospel of Peter,
445
techniques of forgers in,
123
Apocalypse of Peter, Coptic
accounts of Jesus in,
225
,
401
–4
anti-institutional polemic of,
401
–4,
404
n.
99
eschatological theme of,
403
–4
on false teachers,
411
–12
on the flesh,
152
,
407
–12,
450
–51
and Gospel of Mark,
408
and 1 Peter,
408
and
Vergegenwärtigung
tradition,
41
–42
apocalypses
anti-apocalyptic message of Thomas,
230
–37
authorial attribution of,
73
extent of forgeries among,
149
Jewish apocalypses,
72
n.
10
,
72
–74
and motivations of forgers,
335
as renewal of creation,
232
–34,
234
–35
techniques of forgers in,
123
and
Vergegenwärtigung
tradition,
41
See also specific
apocalypses
Apocalypses of Adam,
19
apocryphal writings
Apocryphal Acts,
60
Apocryphon of James,
272
,
284
,
306
,
404
n.
99
Apocryphon of John,
272
,
274
,
437
,
531
extent of forgeries among,
149
Apollinarians and Apollinarianism,
64
–65,
393
,
464
,
467
,
478
,
478
n.
72
apologia,
481
–527
on behavior of Christians,
483
–84
as motivation of forgers,
100
–102,
102
n.
36
works of apologia
Acts of Ignatius (Antiochene Version),
506
–8
Acts of the Apostles,
481
–83
2 Apology,
508
Apology of Apuleius,
141
Apology to Anastasius,
65
Christian Creations,
512
–13
Christian Interpolations,
510
–12
Letters of Paul and Seneca,
520
–27
Martyrdom of Marian and James,
505
–6
Martyrdom of Montanus and Lucius,
506
Martyrdom of Pionius,
504
–5
Martyrdom of Polycarp,
153
,
483
,
493
–502
Passion of Perpetua,
502
–4
1 Peter,
483
–84
Protevangelium Jacobi,
60
,
153
,
485
–93
Sibyllina as apologetic forgeries,
513
–19
1 Apology (Justin),
325
,
326
,
351
,
542
2 Apology (Justin),
508
apostles
absolution of,
482
Antioch incident (
see
Peter–Paul relationship)
apostolic succession,
16
,
321
,
531
–32
authority of,
120
,
378
–79,
385
,
386
,
531
–32
and church offices and hierarchy,
378
–79
and Jerusalem conference
alignment of apostles at,
257
,
263
–64,
307
Didascalia Apostolorum on,
345
n.
55
,
347
,
349
,
391
–92
discrepancies regarding,
267
the twelve,
15
and unity in church leadership,
257
–59,
263
writings of
appearance of forgeries among,
2
and authorial spirit of God,
38
–39
authority of,
87
–88,
120
n.
92
,
120
–21,
143
,
532
fabrications in,
59
lineage considerations,
143
–45
post-death appearance of,
82
and
Vergegenwärtigung
tradition,
40
See also
Apostolic Constitutions; Didascalia Apostolorum
See also specific apostles, including
James, Paul
and
Peter
Apostolic Church Order,
152
,
396
–98,
397
nn.
77
–79
Apostolic Constitutions
apostolic authority of,
391
,
395
Arian doctrines in,
393
–95
authorship of,
14
–16,
150
,
394
–96,
463
,
464
–65
on bishop succession,
311
character of,
391
–93
on church organization and leadership,
152
,
390
–96
component texts of,
14
,
55
,
390
–91
condemnation of forgery by,
16
n.
16
,
17
–19,
18
n.
23
as counterforgery,
151
dating of,
392
narrative voice in,
273
plagiarism case for,
14
,
55
,
384
,
384
n.
25
redactional analysis of,
392
scholarly perspectives on,
4
on Sibylla,
515
techniques of forgers in,
126
theology of,
393
–95
warnings against forgeries in,
16
n.
16
,
16
–19,
126
,
150
,
395
–96
Apostolic Tradition,
14
,
55
,
384
,
387
–88
Araspes the Lover of Panthea (Celer),
138
Archippus,
174
Archytas the Tarentine,
109
Arian,
119
Arianism
in Apostolic Constitutions,
393
–95
in Job Commentary,
394
,
464
,
465
–66,
475
,
478
–79
of Julian,
464
,
466
n.
52
,
467
–68,
474
–75,
476
,
478
,
479
in Pseudo-Clementine writings,
458
–460
in Pseudo-Ignatian letters,
153
,
394
,
466
,
467
,
468
,
474
–75,
479
Aristaeus of Proconnesus,
50
Aristeas, Letter of,
66
, 71,
100
Ariston of Chios,
47
Ariston of Smyrna,
248
Ariston the Peripatetic,
47
Aristotle the Younger,
110
Arius, King of Sparta,
100
–101
Arrian,
115
Artemilla,
381
Ascension of Isaiah
anti-Jewish sentiments of,
337
–38
authorship of,
34
n.
10
,
264
,
334
–35,
337
on church-related topics,
152
as counterforgery,
400
embedded forgery in,
34
,
264
,
334
–35
on leadership of Christian community,
398
–400,
399
n.
87
sources of,
333
–34
on status of Jews,
152
techniques of forgers in,
123
themes of,
332
–33
theology of,
335
–37
writing style of,
334
Atieus Philologus,
108
attitudes toward forgery
as accepted literary practice,
78
–79
of critics and intellectuals,
118
in honoring one’s patron,
118
,
532
and intellectual property,
78
–81
as lies and deceits,
29
,
85
,
134
–35,
532
and morality questions,
546
and terms for forgery,
29
–32,
85
Augustine
on absence of writings by Jesus,
365
Adversus Fulgentium Donatistam,
51
n.
54
on Apocalypse of Paul,
452
and apologetic forgeries,
101
and authenticity disputes,
75
on authority of canonical Gospels,
120
,
120
n.
92