Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics (164 page)

on Didascalia Apostolorum,
347

on disputed works,
75
,
150

fabrications of,
19
–24,
58

and Greater Questions of Mary,
19
,
20
–22,
23
–24,
24
n.
33
,
150

on Letter to the Laodiceans,
440
,
444

on Melchizedekians,
434

Panarion,
19
–24

on Phibionites,
19
–24,
58
,
75

epistles

and apologetic forgeries,
101

disputed statuses of,
75

epistolary novels,
43
–45,
44
n.
30

extent of forgeries among,
149

See also specific epistles, such as
James, epistle of

Epistula Apostolorum

as counterforgery,
438
–39

dating of,
435

on the flesh,
152
,
434
–39,
436
n.
82

Epistula Clementis,
152
,
308
–12,
344
,
384

Epistula Petri,
305
–8

on authority of Paul,
152

authorship of,
223

and Clement’s Homilies,
305
,
308

and 3 Corinthians,
431

and 2 Peter,
308

on Peter–Paul relationship,
290
,
306
–8

purpose of,
305
–6

warnings against forgeries in,
127

Erasmus,
25
,
182
,
522
,
523

2 Esdras,
343

Ester, book of,
71

Eubula,
381

Euclides,
70

Eunomius,
394

Euripides,
66
,
70

Eusebius

and Abgar Correspondence,
262
–63,
366

and Acts of Pilate,
140
,
352
–53,
354
,
484

on Acts of the Apostles,
278

anonymous works cited by,
50
,
51

on Apocalypse of Peter,
75
,
447

and Arianism,
475
,
475
n.
63

on Barnabas,
75

on 2 Clement,
75

and criteria for authentication,
89
,
140
,
142
,
143
–44

critics and criticism,
91

on curses,
66
–67

De ecclesiastica theologia,
475
,
477

on disputed works,
74
–75,
76

on Epistle of James,
74
,
285

on Epistle of Jude,
74
,
298
–301

fabrications reiterated by,
59

on Hegesippus,
76

and Homilies,
320
–21

and Ignatius letters,
461
,
462

on James (apostle),
288

on Letter to the Hebrews,
76

on Marcellus,
477
–78

on morality of deception,
538

on Papias,
229

on 2 Peter,
74
,
223

and Pilate cycle works,
358

on Polycarp’s martyrdom,
495

Preparatio,
538

on Prophecies of Barcabbas and Barcoph,
75

and Pseudo-Ignatian letters,
461
,
462
,
468

on Revelation,
76
,
142

on Serapion and the Gospel of Peter,
90
–91,
324

on Shepherd of Hermas,
32
n.
8
,
48
,
75

on Sibyls and oracles,
517
–18

See also
Ecclesiastical History

Evans, Mary Anne (George Eliot),
30

Eve, gospel of,
19
,
150

Excursus,
218
–22

Exodus,
135
,
547

eyewitness testimony,
270
n.
81
,
270
–79

Ezekiel (prophet),
70

Ezra,
72
,
73
,
343

3 Ezra,
71

4 Ezra,
241
–42

fabrications,
24
n.
33
,
55
–61,
84
,
133

faith

and antinomianism,
303
n.
48
,
304
,
305

apostles on

James,
307

Paul,
261
,
294
–95,
307

Peter,
307

faith vs. works,
185
–87,
261
,
288
–95,
302
,
307
,
444

texts on

2 Corinthians,
254
,
299
n.
33

Ephesians,
185
,
186
,
187
,
295
,
302

Epistle of James,
288
–89,
290
–91,
292
–93,
294
–95

Epistle of Jude,
299
,
299
n.
33

Galatians,
299
n.
33
,
307

Laodiceans,
444

false attributions,
49
,
50
–52,
75
,
149
,
534
n.
14

falsifications,
61
–67,
84
,
120

Faustus,
74
,
92
,
140
–41,
275

Favorinus,
139

fiction,
133
–34,
134
n.
133
,
248
n.
31
,
533
,
533
n.
8

fig tree parable,
446

“First Peter in Recent Study” (Boring),
253

first-person narratives,
123

flesh,
407
–54

desires of,
413
–15

false teachings on,
409
,
411
–12,
427
–28,
429
,
429
n.
66

forgeries celebrating

Apocalypse of Paul,
451
–54

Apocalypse of Peter,
445
–51

3 Corinthians,
425
–32

Epistula Apostolorum,
434
–39

1 John,
419
–25

Letter to the Laodiceans,
439
–45

Melchizedek tractate,
432
–34

forgeries opposing

Book of Thomas the Contender,
412
–15

Coptic Apocalypse of Peter,
407
–12

Gospel of Thomas,
415
–18

and Gnosticism,
23
,
24
,
406
,
411
,
432
–34,
437

internecine conflicts on,
152

of jesus

Apocalypse of Paul on,
454

Apocalypse of Peter on,
451

Coptic Apocalypse of Peter on,
407
–12

3 Corinthians on,
428
,
428
n.
57
,
431

Epistula Apostolorum on,
434
–39

1 John on,
419
–25

Protevangelium Jacobi on,
492
–93

Jesus’ lessons on,
412
–15,
449
,
450
–51

and the material world,
415
–18

and Pseudo-Ignatian letters,
471

and resurrection,
407
,
427
–31,
430
n.
67
,
434
–39,
451
,
454

and salvation,
408
,
409
,
416
,
421
,
428
,
431
,
439
,
444
,
451

Florinus, Letter to (Irenaeus),
272
–73,
274

forgers

condemnation of forgery by,
27

in Apostolic Constitutions,
16
n.
16
,
17
–19,
18
n.
23

Epiphanius on the Phibionites,
19
–24

as forgery technique,
126
–27

in 2 Thessalonians,
24
–25

justifications of,
132
–37,
548

motivations of,
97
–105

apologia,
100
–102,
102
n.
36

authority of authors,
119
–21,
150
–51,
153

in condemning forgeries,
18

and deceptive intentions of forgers,
131
–32,
150
–51

defamation of character,
102
–4

humility of students,
105

Olympiodorus on,
112

political and religious authorization,
98
–99

profitability,
97
–98

Salvian’s defense,
93
–96

supplementation of a tradition,
104
–5

validation of one’s views,
119
–21

penalties suffered by,
83
–85,
132

reactions to,
83
–85,
118
,
132

techniques of,
121
–28

and deceptive intentions of forgers,
131
–32

first-person narratives,
123

imitation of style,
121
–22

interpolations,
128

material and literary prophylaxes,
127
–28,
131

verisimilitudes,
122
–23

warnings against forgeries,
126
–27

forgery

attitudes toward

as accepted literary practice,
78
–79

of authors,
66
–67,
81
–83

of critics and intellectuals,
118

in honoring one’s patron,
118
,
532

and intellectual property,
78
–81

as lies and deceits,
29
,
85
,
134
–35,
532

and morality questions,
546

and terms for forgery,
29
–32,
85

criteria for detection of,
137
–45

anachronisms and historical problems,
139
–40

dogmatism,
141
n.
149

established patterns of usage,
143
–45

internal inconsistencies and implausibilities,
140
–41

theological
Sachkritik
, 141–42

writing style,
138
–39

definition of, 1n.
1
,
30
–31

extent of phenomenon,
1
,
69
–77,
149
–50

fiction compared to,
133
–34,
134
n.
133
,
533

and intellectual property,
78
–81

and intention to deceive,
30
–31,
128
–32,
533
–34

justifications for,
132
–37,
548

morality of,
546
–48

multifunctionality of,
4
–5,
151

objection to term,
29
,
32
,
32
n.
9

related phenomena,
43
–67

anonymity,
49
–50

fabrications,
55
–61

false attributions,
50
–52

falsifications,
61
–67

homonymity,
47
–49

literary fictions,
43
–45,
45
n.
35

pen names,
45
–47

plagiarism,
52
–55

scholarly perspectives on,
31
n.
6
,
35
–43,
78
–79,
105
–7,
106
n.
53
,
107
n.
54

terms for,
29
–32,
85

types of

embedded forgeries,
34

non-pseudepigraphic forgeries,
35

redactional forgeries,
34
–35

Fourth Oration against the Arians (Pseudo-Athanasius),
477

Fronto,
23

Fukhajawaqa,
110

Gaius of Rome,
76

Galatians

and Acts of the Apostles,
257

on Antioch incident,
257
,
307
,
308
,
316
,
543

on the apostles,
257
,
259
,
259
n.
59

and authority of Paul,
152
,
281

and coauthorship theory,
213
n.
39

and conversion of Paul,
257
,
267

on crucifixion,
418

and Epistle of James,
291
–93

eschatological theme of,
163

on faith,
299
n.
33
,
307

on forgiveness of sins,
177
n.
43

on James (apostle),
487

and Jewish identity,
287

and Jewish Law,
304
,
307

and Letter to the Laodiceans,
439
,
442
,
443
,
445

and Letter to the Romans,
160

oath in,
207

on Peter,
250

on suffering,
259
n.
59

2 Thessalonians compared to,
171

on women in the church,
383