Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics (167 page)

Julian of Antioch

Arian inclinations of,
394
–95,
464
,
465
–66,
466
n.
52
,
467
–68,
474
–75,
476
,
478
,
479

authorship of Apostolic Constitutions,
394
–96,
463
,
464
–65

authorship of Commentary on Job,
394
,
463
,
464
–65

authorship of Pseudo-Ignatian letters,
394
,
463
,
465

dating writings of,
466

targets of,
474
–78,
479
–480

Julius Africanus,
140

Julius Caesar,
99

justifications for forgery,
132
–37,
548

Justin Martyr

on Acts of Pilate,
351

anti-Jewish sentiments of,
332
,
338

on Apocalypse of Peter,
446

Dialogue with Trypho,
324
–26,
338
,
344

and Gospel of Peter,
324
–27,
326
n.
6
,
327
n.
8

Isaiah cited by,
338

on Jesus’ birth,
486

on lying,
542

and Memoirs of Peter,
118
,
324
–26,
326
nn.
6
–7,
327
n.
8

Oratio ad Graecos,
51
,
149

and Pilate cycle works,
358

on Sibyl,
514

writings in name of,
51

Kings,
50

Kochba, Bar,
446

Lactantius,
512
,
515
,
517
,
520
,
537
–38

language, anachronistic,
140

language skills.
See
literacy and language skills

Laodiceans

and apostolic authority,
17

authenticity of, challenged,
75

authorship of,
2
,
149
,
485

on the flesh,
153
,
439
–45

intention to deceive in,
32

and Letter to the Colossians,
105
,
441
,
443
–44

and motivations of forgers,
105

and Muratorian Fragment,
75
,
440
,
440
n.
97
,
441
,
442
,
443
–44

and Philippians,
439
,
442
,
443
,
445

rejection of, for Marcionite teachings,
91
,
150

Lasus of Hermione,
61

lecture notes of philosophical schools,
114
–15

Lesser Heracles (Antisthenes),
53

Lesser Questions of Mary,
19

letter carriers,
249
,
249
n.
38

letters, forgery of,
82
–83

Liber antiquitatum biblicarum (Philo),
51

Liber Graduum,
235

Liber Heraclidis (Heraclides),
46

lies and deception

attitudes toward,
134
–35

biblical instances of,
135
–36,
536
,
543
,
545
,
547
–48

and intent to deceive,
30
n.
3
,
30
–31,
33
n.
8
,
78
,
128
–32,
178
n.
47
,
533
–34

justifications of,
132
–37

lies condemned by liars,
16
,
19

medicinal lies,
539
–40,
542
,
543
,
545

morality of,
534
–46

Augustine on,
134
–35,
535
–37,
542

Cassian on,
538
–39

Christianity on,
541
–46

Eusebius on,
538

Lactantius on,
537
–38

Plato on,
135
,
540
–41,
542

Socrates on,
135
,
539
–41

and motivations of forgers,
131
–32,
150
–51

noble lies,
135
,
136
,
540
–41

as type of forgery,
31
–32

and will of God,
547

Life of Apollonius (Philostratus),
138
–39

Life of Plotinus (Porphyry),
85

Life of Pythagoras (Iamblichus),
111

linguistic arguments,
200

Linus,
310
,
311

literacy and language skills,
242
–46

and anti-Jewish texts,
343

composition skills,
242
,
243
,
244
,
247
,
286
,
300
n.
35

illiteracy of James,
285
–87,
287
n.
7

illiteracy of Jude,
299

illiteracy of Peter,
242
–47,
245
n.
23

of Jesus,
365
,
456
n.
9

and 1 Peter,
242
–47

literary dependence

in Acts of Paul,
382
–83

in Epistle of James,
291
,
292
–95

in Letter to the Ephesians,
183

in 1 Peter,
254

literary fictions,
43
–45,
45
n.
35

literary form, pseudonymity as,
78
–81,
128
–29,
534

literary phenomena related to forgery,
43
–67

anonymity,
49
–50

fabrications,
55
–61

false attributions,
50
–52

falsifications,
61
–67

homonymity,
47
–49

literary fictions,
43
–45,
45
n.
35

pen names,
45
–47

plagiarism,
52
–55

Little Cyrus (Antisthenes),
53

Lives of Eminent Philosophers (Diogenes Laertius),
70

Livy,
124
–25

Longinus,
361

Lucian,
13
,
98
,
99
,
125

Lucius Aelius,
80

Lucius Cotta,
48

Lucius Gellius,
115

Lucius Septimius,
124

Luke

authority of,
117
–18

biographical evidence for,
277
–78,
278
n.
107

obscure persona of,
279
–280

and Paul,
76
,
117
–18,
265
,
267
,
276
–79

and source documents of Acts,
268

and two-source hypothesis,
55

writings of

Acts of the Apostles,
88
,
265
,
268
,
277
–78,
279

Gospel of Luke,
51
–52,
76
,
117
–18,
277
,
279

Luke, gospel of

on acts of piety,
339

apocalyptic message of,
228

authenticity of, challenged,
76

authorship of,
51
–52,
76
,
117
–18,
277
,
279

on birthplace of Jesus,
351

cited by Paul,
205

on crucifixion,
418

on deception,
135

eschatological theme of,
231
–32

and Gospel of Thomas,
231
n.
77
,
231
–32,
341

on the kingdom of God,
231
–32

and Marcion,
492
,
492
n.
23

and Paul,
51
,
76
,
117
–18,
188
n.
70

and substitutionary atonement,
253

and Tertullian,
76
,
117
–18,
188
n.
70

and two-source hypothesis,
55

Luther,
285
,
292

Lycurgus (Pseudo-Plutarch),
66

lying.
See
lies and deception

Lyons and Vienne, Letter of,
495

Lysias,
80
,
138
,
139

Magnesians (Ignatius)

on church hierarchy,
479

and Ignatian corpus,
462

interpolations in,
469
–70

on Judaism,
470
,
480

theological perspectives in,
472
,
476
,
477

Manetho,
71

Manichees and anti-Manichean campaign,
455
–58,
457
n.
12
,
458
n.
17

Marcellus of Ancyra,
466
,
467
,
476
–78

Marcion and Marcionism

and Epistle of Barnabas,
52

and Epistle of James,
296

and Gospel of Luke,
492
,
492
n.
23

and Letter to the Laodiceans,
440
,
440
n.
97
,
442
–45

and Pastoral epistles,
193

and Protevangelium Jacobi,
491
–92

and Pseudo-Ignatian letters,
467
,
471
–72,
474

Tertullian on,
63
,
91
,
492
,
492
n.
23

Marcosians,
58

Marcus,
23

Mariam,
412

Mark

and 1 Peter,
248
,
251
,
251
n.
41
,
254
,
256

and two-source hypothesis,
55

writings attributed to,
51
–52,
117
–18

Mark, gospel of

and Apocalypse of Peter,
447

apocalyptic message of,
228
,
234
,
236

authenticity of, challenged,
76

authorship of,
49
,
51
–52,
117
–18

and Coptic Apocalypse of Peter,
408

and 3 Corinthians,
430

on crucifixion,
357
,
418

eschatological theme of,
163
,
165

and Gospel of Thomas,
232

on Jude, brother of James,
297

and Justin on Peter’s “Memoirs,”
118
,
325
–26,
326
nn.
6
–7,
327
n.
8

and Peter,
51
,
76
,
117
–18,
188
n.
70
,
327
n.
8

and Tertullian,
76
,
117
–18,
188
n.
70

and 1 Timothy,
373
n.
8

Martha,
397
,
398

Martial,
53
,
81
,
84
,
103
,
166
–67

martyrologies

Acts of Ignatius (Antiochene Version),
506
–8

Martyrdom of Ignatius,
274

Martyrdom of Isaiah,
332
–33,
337
,
399

Martyrdom of Marian and James,
35
,
274
,
505
–6

Martyrdom of Montanus and Lucius,
506

Martyrdom of Pionius,
504
–5

Martyrdom of Polycarp,
493
–508

anachronisms and historical problems in,
495
–97

as apologia,
153
,
483
,
493
–502

authenticity of,
497
–502

dating of,
493
,
499
,
500

and Martyrdom of Pionius,
504

narrative voice in,
273
–74

parallels with Jesus’ death,
494
,
496
,
499
–500

polemical targets of,
494
,
500
,
501
–2

redactional analysis of,
495
–97

Mary, gospel of,
437

Mary, Mother of Jesus

Apocalypse of Paul on,
454

3 Corinthians on,
428
,
428
n.
57
,
431

Melchizedekians on,
434

and Protevangelium Jacobi,
485
–87,
489
–491

virginity of,
485
–86,
487
,
490

Mary Magdalene,
20
,
397
,
398

Mary of Cassobola (Pseudo-Ignatius),
460
,
461
,
462
,
468
n.
57
,
472

material and literary prophylaxes,
127
–28,
131

Matthew

and Apostolic Constitutions,
392

and Pistis Sophia,
412

and two-source hypothesis,
55

writings in name of,
141
,
412

Matthew, gospel of

on acts of piety,
338

apocalyptic message of,
236

authenticity of, challenged,
75

authorship of,
149

and criteria for authentication,
141

on crucifixion,
418

and eyewitness testimony,
275