Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (63 page)

35
Aylmer Haldane,
A Soldier’s Saga
, William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1948, p. 142.

36
John Black Atkins,
The Relief of Ladysmith
, Methuen & Co., London, 1900, pp. 74–5.

37
Haldane,
A Soldier’s Saga
, p. 147.

38
See especially Peter Warwick,
Black People and the South African War, 1899–1902
, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983, and John Gooch (ed.),
The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image
, Frank Cass, London, 2000, chs 6 and 7.

39
Thomas Pakenham,
The Boer War
, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1979, pp. 406–7.

40
M. K. Gandhi,
An Autobiography, or, The Story of My Experiments with Truth
, Penguin, London, 1982 (first published 1927–9), p. 204.

41
William Nasson, ‘Africans at War’, in Gooch,
Boer War
, pp. 126–40, at 127.

42
WSC to Joseph Chamberlain, 16 Nov. 1900, CV I, part 2, p. 1216.

43
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 4th Series, vol. 101, 21 Jan. 1902, col. 477.

44
Speech of 5 April 1906.

45
WSC,
Boer War
, pp. 60–1 (despatch of 30 Nov. 1899).

46
For example, Roland Quinault, ‘Churchill and Black Africa’,
History Today
, June 2005, pp. 31–6, at 33–4.

47
‘Mr Winston Churchill’s Letters on the War’,
Spectator
, 26 May 1900, Broadwater Collection.

48
‘Mr Winston Churchill’s Ladysmith Book’,
Pall Mall Gazette
, 15 May 1900.

49
Violet Bonham Carter,
Winston Churchill as I Knew Him
, Reprint Society, London, 1966 (first published 1965), p. 58.

50
‘The Book of the War’,
Freeman’s Journal
, 15 May 1900, Broadwater Collection.

51
WSC,
Boer War
, p. 219 (despatch of 10 March 1900).

52
See H. R. Fox Bourne,
Blacks and Whites in South Africa: An Account of the Past Treatment and Present Condition of South African Natives under British and Boer Control
, 2nd edition, P. S. King & Son, London, 1900. For an alternative perspective, acknowledging multiple abuses in British areas but emphasizing that (unlike in the Transvaal) they did not receive legal sanction, see Josephine Butler,
Native Races and the War
, Gay & Bird, London, 1900.

53
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons’, 4th Series, vol. 77, 19 Oct. 1899, col. 271.

54
Speech of 22 Feb. 1906.

55
WSC,
My Early Life
, p. 272.

56
Aylmer Haldane,
How We Escaped from Pretoria
, William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1901, p. 16.

57
WSC, ‘Our Account with the Boers’.

58
WSC to Bourke Cockran, 30 Nov. 1899, CV I, part 2, p. 1083.

59
J. W. B. Gunning to Louis de Souza, 22 Nov. 1899, Churchill Additional Papers, WCHL 2/1/12. An English translation of the letter and Churchill’s (undated) draft telegram can also be found in this file.

60
Sandys,
Churchill Wanted
, p. 84.

61
Aylmer Haldane, ‘Note’, 29 Oct. 1935, CV I, part 2, p. 1115.

62
‘Our London Correspondence’,
Manchester Guardian
, 30 July 1900.

63
WSC, telegram of 21 Dec. 1899, in the
Morning Post
, 27 Dec. 1899.

64
Natal Mercury
, 25 Dec. 1899, quoted in Sandys,
Churchill Wanted
, p. 137.

65
WSC,
My Early Life
, pp. 311, 313.

66
‘Notes on the War’,
Daily News
, 30 Dec. 1899.

67
WSC, telegram of 23 Dec. 1899, in the
Morning Post
, 30 Dec. 1899.

68
‘London Letter’,
Western Mail
, 16 June 1900.

69
WSC to Pamela Plowden, 10 Jan. 1900, CV I, part 2, p. 1144.

70
WSC, telegram to the
Morning Post
, 27 Jan. 1900, quoted in ‘Boer and Briton’,
Freeman’s Journal
, 2 Feb. 1900.

71
‘Winston Churchill as Lecturer’,
Western Mail
, 1 Nov. 1900. Churchill also challenged the self-exculpatory account of Sir Charles Warren, who was in charge of the battle: ‘The Spion Kop Disaster’,
Jackson’s Oxford Journal
, 1 Sept. 1900.

72
William Birdwood to Janetta Birdwood, 12 March 1900, William Birdwood Papers, Ref 670/19–227. Emphasis in original.

73
‘From Our Special Correspondent [in Cape Town]’,
The Times
, 9 April 1900.

74
‘Straight Talk from a
Times
Correspondent’,
Reynolds’s Newspaper
, 15 April 1900; WSC, ‘The British Officer’,
Pall Mall Magazine
, 23 (1901), pp. 66–75, at 67.

75
Frederick Woods (ed.),
Young Winston’s Wars: The Original Despatches of Winston S. Churchill, War Correspondent, 1897–1900
, Leo Cooper, London, 1972, p. 272 (despatch of 9 March 1900).

76
Ibid., p. 284 (despatch of 10 March 1900).

77
‘Current Notes’,
Freeman’s Journal
, 4 April 1900.

78
‘The War’,
Jackson’s Oxford Journal
, 21 April 1900; ‘London Letter’,
Western Mail
, 18 April 1900.

79
See WSC,
Boer War
, p. 221 (despatch of 10 March 1900).

80
‘Future of South Africa’,
Western Mail
, 7 March 1900, reproducing WSC to J. M. Maclean MP, 5 Feb. 1900; WSC,
My Early Life
, p. 316.

81
WSC to the
Natal Witness
, 29 March 1900, CV I, part 2, pp. 1163–4. Churchill’s telegram to the
Morning Post
of 24 March 1900 is reproduced in WSC,
My Early Life
, pp. 344–5.

82
Editorial,
Manchester Guardian
, 2 April 1900.

83
‘The Halt at Ladysmith: From the
Chronicle
War Correspondent to the
Leeds Mercury
’ (despatch of 4 April),
Leeds Mercury
, 30 April 1900.

84
‘London Correspondence’,
Freeman’s Journal
, 6 April 1900.

85
Jack Churchill to Lady Randolph, 3 April 1900, CV I, part 2, pp. 1165–6.

86
Ian Hamilton,
Listening for the Drums
, Faber & Faber, London, 1944, p. 248.

87
‘Mr Winston Churchill Home from the Front’,
Jackson’s Oxford Journal
, 28 July 1900.

88
‘Mr Winston Churchill at Oldham’,
Manchester Guardian
, 26 July 1900.

89
WSC to Milner, 8 September 1900 (typed copy), Alfred Milner Papers, Dep. 184, ff. 112–14.

90
Alfred Milner to WSC, 8 Oct. 1900, CV I, part 2, p. 1209.

91
‘A Timely Intervention’,
Manchester Guardian
, 21 Aug. 1900, repeating a story from the
Westminster Gazette
. For evidence on the leaflet, see ‘Politics and Society’,
Leeds Mercury
, 21 Sept. 1900.

92
‘Soldiers of the Empire’,
Oldham Daily Standard
, 20 Sept. 1900.

93
‘Mr Winston Churchill at Cardiff’,
Western Mail
, 30 Nov. 1900.

94
WSC, ‘To the Electors of the Parliamentary Borough of Oldham’,
Oldham Daily Standard
, 24 Sept. 1900.

95
The most useful comments are to be found in Paul Addison,
Churchill on the Home Front, 1900–1955
, Pimlico, London, 1993 (first published by Jonathan Cape, 1992), p. 13.

96
WSC, ‘To the Electors of the Parliamentary Borough of Oldham’,
Oldham Daily Standard
, 24 Sept. 1900; ‘Under the Unionist Flag’,
Oldham Daily Standard
, 25 Sept. 1900.

97
See Paul Readman, ‘The Conservative Party, Patriotism, and British Politics: The Case of the General Election of 1900’,
Journal of British Studies
, 40 (2001), pp. 107–45.

98
‘Soldiers of the Empire’,
Oldham Daily Standard
, 20 Sept. 1900.

99
‘Turtle for Tories’,
Oldham Evening Chronicle
, 21 Sept. 1900.

100
‘Politics and Society’,
Leeds Mercury
, 21 Sept. 1900.

101
WSC,
My Early Life
, p. 374.

102
‘New Book by Mr Winston Churchill MP’ (review of
Ian Hamilton’s March
),
Glasgow Herald
, 12 Oct. 1900.

103
WSC to Lord Rosebery, 4 Oct. 1900, CV I, part 2, p. 1206.