Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (60 page)

128
See Addison,
Churchill on the Home Front
, p. 10.

129
Andrew S. Thompson,
Imperial Britain: The Empire in British Politics, c. 1880–1932
, Longman, Harlow, 2000, p. 24.

130
Reade,
Martyrdom
, p. 129.

131
Ibid., p. 309.

132
Ibid., pp. 309–10.

133
Ibid., p. 407.

134
WSC,
My African Journey
[first published by Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1908], CW, vol. I, pp. 23, 27, 42.

135
Reade,
Martyrdom
, p. 289. Reade may have taken this paraphrase of William Wilberforce’s celebrated speech of 25 April 1789 from Thomas Clarkson’s
History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade by the British Parliament
(1808).

136
Reade,
Martyrdom
, p. 405.

137
Addison,
Unexpected Hero
, pp. 89–90.

138
‘Midland Conservative Club: Mr Churchill’s Presidential Address’,
Birmingham Daily Post
, 2 June 1899.

139
WSC to Lady Randolph, 31 March [1897], CV I, part 2, p. 746.

140
WSC, ‘Comments on
Annual Register
, early 1897’, ibid., pp. 760, 763.

141
WSC,
Great Contemporaries
[first published by Thornton Butterworth, London, 1937], CW, vol. XVI, p. 27.

142
WSC to Lady Randolph, 6 April [1897], CV I, part 2, p. 751.

143
WSC to Lady Randolph, 14 Oct. 1896, ibid., p. 688.

144
ibid., p. 688n.

145
WSC to Jack Churchill, 20 March [1898], ibid., p. 893.

146
WSC to Lady Randolph, 29 Dec. 1898, ibid., p. 996.

147
WSC to Lady Randolph, 4 Nov. [1896], ibid., p. 697.

148
WSC,
My Early Life
, p. 118.

149
Lord Moran,
Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 1940–1965
, Constable, London, 1966, p. 370.

150
WSC to Lady Randolph, 18 Nov. [1896], CV I, part 2, p. 704.

151
WSC to Lady Randolph, 14 Jan. 1897, ibid., p. 724.

152
‘Author’s Preface’, in WSC,
My Early Life
.

153
Lord Irwin to Stanley Baldwin, 28 March 1929, Stanley Baldwin Papers, vol. 103, ff. 20–3, partially reproduced in CV V, part 1, p. 1452.

154
Penderel Moon (ed.),
Wavell: The Viceroy’s Journal
, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1997, p. 4 (entry for 24 June 1943).

155
John Barnes and David Nicholson (eds.),
The Empire at Bay: The Leo Amery Diaries, 1929–1945
, Hutchinson, London, 1988, p. 49 (entry for 4 Aug. 1929).

156
Moran,
Struggle for Survival
, p. 131.

2. JOLLY LITTLE WARS AGAINST BARBAROUS PEOPLES

1
Speech of 14 Dec. 1929.

2
Editorial,
The Times
, 28 July 1897.

3
H. B. Hanna, ‘The Lesson of the Swat Rising’,
The Times
, 10 Aug. 1897.

4
See, for example, ‘Mr [John] Morley at Arbroath’,
The Times
, 29 Sept. 1897, and ‘Sir William Harcourt at Kirkcaldy’,
The Times
, 27 Nov. 1897.

5
‘Outlook: The Frontier Fallacy’,
Daily Mail
, 30 March 1898.

6
See, for example, Viscount Fincastle and P. C. Eliott-Lockhart,
A Frontier Campaign: A Narrative of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897–8
, R. J. Leach & Co., London, 1990 (first published 1898), p. 223.

7
See WSC,
The Story of the Malakand Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War
[first published by Longmans, Green & Co., 1898], CW, vol. II, ch. 3.

8
Frederick Woods (ed.),
Young Winston’s Wars: The Original Despatches of Winston S. Churchill, War Correspondent, 1897–1900
, Leo Cooper, London, 1972, p. 10 (despatch of 6 Sept. 1897).

9
WSC,
My Early Life: A Roving Commission
[originally published by Thornton Butterworth, London, 1930], CW, vol. I, p. 143.

10
WSC to Lady Randolph 21 Oct. [1897], CV I, part 2, p. 807.

11
Bindon Blood to WSC, 22 Aug. 1897, ibid., p. 780.

12
F. Maurice and George Arthur,
The Life of Lord Wolseley
, Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, 1924, p. 66. See also Joseph J. Matthews, ‘Heralds of the Imperialistic Wars’,
Military Affairs
, 19 (1955), pp. 145–55, at 153.

13
WSC to Frances, Duchess of Marlborough, 25 Oct. 1897, CV I, part 2, p. 810.

14
WSC,
Story of the Malakand Field Force
, p. 199.

15
He then described this type of bullet as ‘particularly cruel’ and ‘improper’: Woods,
Young Winston’s Wars
, p. 269 (despatch of 9 March 1900).

16
Michael MacDonagh, ‘Can We Rely on Our War News?’,
Fortnightly Review
, 63 (1898), pp. 612–25.

17
Woods,
Young Winston’s Wars
, p. 3 (despatch of 3 Sept. 1897).

18
WSC,
My Early Life
, p. 139.

19
Woods,
Young Winston’s Wars
, pp. 31–4 (despatch of 23 Sept. 1897); WSC to Lady Randolph, 19 Sept. [1897], CV I, part 2, p. 792; WSC,
My Early Life
, pp. 156–7.

20
WSC to Lord William Beresford, 2 Oct. [1897], CV I, part 2, p. 798.

21
WSC,
My Early Life
, p. 162.

22
WSC to Frances, Duchess of Marlborough, 25 Oct. 1897, CV I, part 2, p. 810.

23
WSC to Reginald Barnes, 14 Sept. 1897, ibid., p. 788.

24
WSC,
Story of the Malakand Field Force
, pp. 167–8.

25
WSC to Lady Randolph, 19 Oct. [1897], CV I, part 2, p. 797.

26
Woods,
Young Winston’s Wars
, pp. 39, 52 (despatches of 28 Sept. and 8 Oct. 1897).

27
WSC,
Story of the Malakand Field Force
, pp. 3–4, 168, 192–3.

28
Woods,
Young Winston’s Wars
, p. 30 (despatch of 21 Sept. 1897). For Churchill’s comments on women see
Story of the Malakand Field Force
, p.6.

29
WSC to Lady Randolph, 19 Sept. [1897], CV I, part 2, p. 793.

30
WSC,
Story of the Malakand Field Force
, p. 230.

31
‘Churchill’s Mysore Home’,
Sunday Statesman
, 25 July 1943.

32
Manuscript of
The Story of the Malakand Field Force
, Churchill Papers, CHAR 8/2, f. 23. Piers Brendon drew attention to this point in
The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997
, Jonathan Cape, London, 2007, p. 205.

33
CV I, part 2, p. 913.

34
See, most recently, Warren Dockter, ‘Winston Churchill and the Islamic World: Early Encounters’,
Historian
, 101 (Spring 2009), pp. 19–21.

35
Ted Morgan,
Churchill: Young Man in a Hurry, 1874–1915
, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1982, p. 94.

36
Peter De Mendelssohn,
The Age of Churchill: Heritage and Adventure, 1874–1911
, Thames & Hudson, London, 1961, p. 103.

37
Roland Quinault, ‘Winston Churchill and Gibbon’, in R. McKitterick and R. Quinault (eds.),
Edward Gibbon and Empire
, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997, pp. 317–32. Quotation at 322.

38
In support of his claim about the Malakand expedition he quotes a letter from Churchill to his mother which in fact refers to the separate Tirah expedition, for which see below. Martin Gilbert,
Churchill: A Life
, Heinemann, London, 1991, pp. 80, 82; WSC to Lady Randolph, 19 Jan. 1898, CV I, part 2, p. 860.

39
Kirk Emmert,
Winston S. Churchill on Empire
, Carolina Academic Press, Durham NC, 1989, p. 9.

40
WSC,
Story of the Malakand Field Force
, p. xii.

41
Review of
The Story of the Malakand Field Force
,
United Service Gazette
, Broadwater Collection.

42
Woods,
Young Winston’s Wars
, p. 28 (despatch of 21 Sept. 1897).

43
Both Churchill and Lady Randolph referred to the ‘5th letter’ as the controversial one, yet that comprised a description of military action with no contentious content; it is the seventh letter that tallies with their discussion.

44
WSC to Lady Randolph, [2 Nov.] 1897, CV I, part 2, pp. 813–14.

45
‘Sir George White on Indian Frontier Policy’,
The Times
, 4 Oct. 1897.