Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (77 page)

9. ONCE MAGNIFICENT AND STILL CONSIDERABLE

1
‘The Light of Llandudno’,
Time
, 18 Oct. 1948.

2
Speech of 9 Oct. 1948.

3
‘Conservative Conference’,
The Times
, 9 Oct. 1948.

4
Klaus Larres,
Churchill’s Cold War: The Politics of Personal Diplomacy
, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2002, p. 104.

5
Speech of 9 Oct. 1948.

6
‘Mr Churchill at Llandudno’
The Times
, 11 Oct. 1948.

7
Alexander Cadogan diary, 20 Aug. 1945, Alexander Cadogan Papers, 1/15.

8
For a full discussion of this episode, see Richard Toye, ‘Churchill and Britain’s “Financial Dunkirk” ’,
Twentieth Century British History
, 15 (2004), pp. 329–60.

9
Amery diary, 27 Aug. 1945, Leo Amery Papers, 7/39. Amery was alluding to the poem ‘Say not the struggle naught availeth’ by Arthur Hugh Clough (1819–61).

10
‘Information and comments from London embassy on commercial policy discussions’, 26 Sept. 1945, Frederick M. Vinson Papers, Box 166.

11
Amery diary 11 Sept. 1945, Leo Amery Papers, 7/39.

12
Ibid., 22 Nov. 1945.

13
‘Mr John Amery’,
Manchester Guardian
, 20 Nov. 1942.

14
David Faber,
Speaking for England: Leo, Julian and John Amery – The Tragedy of a Political Family
, The Free Press, London, 2005, p. 4. See also Wm. Roger Louis, ‘Leo Amery and the Post-War World, 1945–55’,
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
, 30 (2002), pp. 71–90.

15
Harold Macmillan,
Tides of Fortune, 1945–1955
, London, Macmillan, 1969, p. 77.

16
Hugh Dalton diary, 14 Dec. 1945, Hugh Dalton Papers, I/33; see also Dalton,
High Tide and After: Memoirs, 1945–1960
, Frederick Muller, London, 1962, pp. 87–8.

17
‘Tory Leadership and the Loan Vote’,
Manchester Guardian
, 15 Dec. 1945.

18
Hugh Dalton diary, 14 Dec. 1945, Hugh Dalton Papers, I/33.

19
Harry Crookshank diary, MS Eng. Hist. d.361, entry for 13 Dec. 1945.

20
Amery diary, 14 Dec. 1945, Leo Amery Papers, 7/39.

21
‘Bretton Woods Will Cause Fierce Lords Battle’,
News Chronicle
, 15 Dec. 1945.

22
David Carlton,
Anthony Eden: A Biography
, Allen Lane, London, 1981, p. 259.

23
Speech of 5 March 1946; W. L. Mackenzie King diary, 1, 3 and 5 March 1946.

24
Walter Lippmann, ‘Mr Churchill’s Speech’,
New York Herald Tribune
, 7 March 1946.

25
‘Churchill Taken to Task’,
New York Times
, 18 March 1946.

26
L. B. Pearson to W. L. Mackenzie King, 11 March 1946,
Documents on Canadian External Relations
, vol. XII:
1946
, Department of External Affairs, Ottawa, 1977, p. 2043.

27
‘The Loan Hearings’,
The Economist
, 23 March 1946, quoted in Richard N. Gardner,
Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy in Current Perspective: The Origins and Prospects of Our International Economic Order
, Columbia University Press, New York, 1980, p. 249n.

28
J. A. Hudson, ‘Mr Churchill and the Loan’, 14 March 1946, NA, PREM 8/197.

29
‘Vandenberg Urges Full British Loan for “Self-Interest” ’,
New York Times
, 23 April 1946; Gardner,
Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy
, p. 250.

30
Frank Fellows to WSC, 1 April 1949, Churchill Papers, CHUR 2/162, f. 187.

31
This was the opinion of the Republican Senator William Langer, quoted in ‘Churchill “is a Propagandist” ’,
Canberra Times
, 2 April 1949.

32
F. E. Evans, to A. R. K. Mackenzie, 21 March 1946, NA, FO 71/51624. The speech was given on 18 March.

33
L. S. Amery,
The Washington Loan Agreements: A Critical Study of American Economic Foreign Policy
, MacDonald, London, 1946, p. xi.

34
Amery diary, 26 Nov. 1946, Leo Amery Papers, 7/39.

35
See Richard Toye, ‘The Attlee Government, the Imperial Preference System, and the Creation of the GATT’,
English Historical Review
, 118 (2003), pp. 912–39.

36
Clement Davies to Archibald Sinclair, 30 May 1946, Thurso Papers, IV 1/10.

37
‘Break-Up’,
Time
, 3 June 1946.

38
Ronald Hyam,
Britain’s Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968
, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006, p. 221.

39
Amery diary, 8 Aug. 1946, Leo Amery Papers, 7/40.

40
Penderel Moon (ed.),
Wavell: The Viceroy’s Journal
, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1997, p. 168 (entry for 31 Aug. 1945).

41
Recollections of Harold C. Edwards, 1968, quoted in Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, vol. VIII:
‘Never Despair’, 1945–1965
, Heinemann, London, 1988, p. 141.

42
WSC to Amery, 14 May 1946, Leo Amery Papers, 2/2/4.

43
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 434, 6 March 1947, cols. 669, 671, 678.

44
Robert Cary to Leo Amery, 6 March [1947], Leo Amery Papers, 2/1/40.

45
Stuart Ball (ed.),
Parliament and Politics in the Age of Churchill and Attlee: The Headlam Diaries, 1935–1951
, Cambridge University Press for the Royal Historical Society, Cambridge, 1999, p. 492 (entry for 6 March 1947).

46
Amery diary, 2 April 1946, Leo Amery Papers, 7/40.

47
Peter Clarke,
The Last Thousand Days of the British Empire
, Allen Lane, London, 2007, p. 480.

48
WSC, memorandum on India, 20 Feb. 1947, quoted in Nicholas Owen, ‘The Conservative Party and Indian Independence, 1945–1947’,
Historical Journal
, 46 (2003), pp. 403–36, at 421.

49
Clarke,
Last Thousand Days
, p. 468.

50
Amery diary, 12 Dec. 1946, Leo Amery Papers, 7/40.

51
B. R. Ambedkar to WSC, 13 Nov. 1946, Churchill Papers, CHUR 2/52A/41.

52
Owen, ‘Conservative Party’, esp. p. 427.

53
Gilbert,
‘Never Despair’
, p. 334.

54
Lawrence James,
Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India
, Abacus, London, 1998 (first published 1997), pp. 635–6.

55
Speech of 6 Dec. 1947.

56
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 457, 28 Oct. 1948, col. 250.

57
‘India and the Crown’,
The Times
, 6 Oct. 1948.

58
It was the omission of word ‘British’ before ‘Commonwealth’ in the final communiqué of the meeting of Commonwealth Prime Ministers that attracted attention. Attlee claimed that this had been inadvertent, but, nonetheless, ‘British’ did drop from official usage the following year. Clement Attlee, ‘Cabinet nomenclature’, 30 Dec. 1948, in Ronald Hyam (ed.),
British Documents on the End of Empire
, Series A, vol. II, part 4, HMSO, London, 1992, p. 178.

59
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 457, 28 Oct. 1948, col. 246.

60
Mackenzie King diary, 30 Oct. 1948.

61
Note by Clement Attlee on a meeting with Opposition leaders, 16 Dec. 1948, in Hyam,
British Documents
, p. 177.

62
WSC to J. C. Smuts, 22 May 1949, in
Selections from the Smuts Papers
, vol. VII:
August 1945–October 1950
, ed. Jean van der Poel, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1973, p. 298.

63
Julian Amery diary, 20 July 1952, Julian Amery Papers, 4/302.

64
Nehru diary, 17 Dec. 1943, in
Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru
, first series, 15 vols., Orient Longman/B. R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 1972–82, vol. XIII, p. 311.

65
John Kenneth Galbraith,
Ambassador’s Journal: A Personal Account of the Kennedy Years
, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1969 (entry for 23 April 1961).

66
David Reynolds,
In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War
, Allen Lane, London, 2004, pp. 355–6.

67
‘Churchilliana’,
Indian News Chronicle
, 27 Sept. 1951.

68
Amery diary, 7 Sept. 1951, Leo Amery Papers, 7/45.

69
See esp. Reynolds,
In Command of History
.

70
Amery to Reginald Dorman-Smith, 15 April 1943, in Hugh Tinker (ed.),
Burma: The Struggle for Independence, 1944–1948
, vol. I:
From Military Occupation to Civil Government, 1 January 1944 to 31 August 1946
, HMSO, London, 1983, p. 26.

71
WSC to James Stuart, 3 Dec. 1944, in Tinker,
Burma
, vol. I, p. 117.

72
John Barnes and David Nicholson (eds.),
The Empire at Bay: The Leo Amery Diaries, 1929–1945
, Hutchinson, London, 1988, p. 1040 (entry for 4 May 1945).