Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (73 page)

109
Barnes and Nicholson,
Empire at Bay
, p. 710 (entry for 14 Aug. 1941).

110
Extract from ‘West Africa’, 23 Aug. 1941, NA, PREM 4/43A/3.

111
WSC to Amery, 20 Aug. 1941, CWP, vol. III, p. 1087.

112
War Cabinet minutes, 4 Sept. 1941, WM (41) 89th, NA, CAB 65/19/25.

113
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 374, 9 Sept. 1941, col. 69.

114
J. G. Winant to Cordell Hull, 4 Nov. 1941, FRUS, 1941, vol. III, pp. 181–4.

115
Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, pp. 130–2. Quotation (from a minute by Macmillan of 1 Sept. 1942) at p. 132.

116
‘Prime Minister’s interview with U Saw and U Tin Tut, 18 October 1941’, Leo Amery Papers, 2/3/20.

117
‘Blunt Saw’,
Time
, 17 Nov. 1941.

118
Wallace Murray, memorandum, 7 Nov. 1941, FRUS, 1941, vol. III, p. 185.

119
Robert H. Taylor, ‘Politics in Late Colonial Burma: The Case of U Saw’,
Modern Asian Studies
, 10 (1976), pp. 161–93, at 190–1; Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper,
Forgotten Armies: Britain’s Asian Empire and the War with Japan
, Allen Lane, London, 2004, p. 104.

120
‘Even Mr Churchill’,
West African Pilot
, 5 Nov. 1941, quoted in Sam O. Idemili, ‘What the
West African Pilot
Did in the Movement for Nigerian Nationalism between 1937 and 1957’,
Black American Literature Forum
, 12 (1978), pp. 84–91, at 87.

121
Bernard Bourdillon to Lord Moyne, 15 Nov. 1941 and Moyne’s reply of 25 Nov. 1941, NA, PREM 4/43A/3.

122
Idemili, ‘What the
West African Pilot
Did’, p. 87.

123
African National Congress,
Africans’ Claims in South Africa
, African National Congress, Johannesburg, 1943 – text available at
www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/claims.html
.

124
Ali A. Mazrui,
Power, Politics and the African Condition: Collected Essays
, vol. III, Africa World Press, Trenton, NJ, 2004, p. 316.

125
WSC to Eamon De Valera, 8 Dec. 1941, CWP, vol. III, p. 1579.

126
Eamon De Valera’s contemporaneous note, quoted in the Earl of Longford and Thomas P. O’Neill,
Eamon De Valera
, Hutchinson, London, 1970, p. 393.

127
Ibid., p. 394.

128
Note by De Valera, 10 Dec. 1941, Eamon De Valera Papers, P150/2632.

129
FDR to WSC, 8 Dec. 1941, in Kimball,
Complete Correspondence
, vol. I, p. 282.

130
As Christopher Bell has shown, Churchill has been blamed too harshly for this calamity: ‘The “Singapore Strategy” and the Deterrence of Japan: Winston Churchill, the Admiralty, and the Dispatch of Force Z’,
English Historical Review
, 116 (2001), pp. 604–34.

131
Day,
Politics of War
, pp. 220–31.

132
Ian Jacob diary, [27 Dec. 1941], CWP, vol. III, p. 1698.

133
‘Battle for the Pacific Comes First’,
Canberra Times
, 29 Dec. 1941.

134
WSC to Clement Attlee, 29 Dec. 1941, in War Cabinet minutes, 29 Dec. 1941, WM (41) 137th, NA, CAB 65/20/29.

135
Mackenzie King diary, 29 Dec. 1941.

136
Lord Moran,
Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 1940–1965
, Constable, London, 1966, p. 19.

137
Malcolm MacDonald to Lord Cranborne, 1 Aug. 1941, quoted in David Dilks,
‘The Great Dominion’: Winston Churchill in Canada, 1900–1954
, Thomas Allen, Toronto, 2005, p. 152.

138
Speech of 30 Dec. 1941.

139
WSC’s press conference at Government House, 31 Dec. 1941, in Dilks,
‘The Great Dominion’
, p. 221.

140
WSC to Archibald Wavell, 10 Feb. 1942, in WSC,
The Second World War
, vol. IV:
The Hinge of Fate
[first published by Cassell, London, 1951], CW, vol. XXV, p. 66.

141
Piers Brendon,
The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997
, Jonathan Cape, London, 2007, p. 422.

142
WSC,
Hinge of Fate
, p. 60.

143
Talk by William Joyce (‘Lord Haw-Haw’), in English for England and North America, 16 Feb. 1942, quoted in Daily Digest of Foreign Broadcasts, 16–17 Feb. 1942, BBC Written Archives.

144
Vincent Sheean,
Between the Thunder and the Sun
, Random House, New York, 1943, p. 365.

145
‘Feelings About the British Empire’, Mass-Observation File Report 1158, March 1942, Mass-Observation Archive.

146
John Harvey (ed.),
The War Diaries of Oliver Harvey, 1941–1945
, Collins, London, 1978, p. 88 (entry for 25 Jan. 1942).

147
Lord Casey,
Personal Experience, 1939–1946
, Constable, London, 1962, p. 97.

148
H. V. Evatt to Bruce, 23 March 1942, DAFP, vol. V, p. 676.

149
Bruce, note of a conversation with WSC, 31 March 1942, ibid., p. 691.

150
Clem Lloyd and Richard Hall (eds.),
Backroom Briefings: John Curtin’s War
, National Library of Australia, Canberra, 1997, p. 119 (briefing of 30 Dec. 1942).

151
Day,
Politics of War
, p.5.

152
Moran,
Struggle for Survival
, p. 21.

153
John Ramsden,
Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend since 1945
, HarperCollins, London, 2002, esp. pp. 445–9.

154
Barnes and Nicholson,
Empire at Bay
, p. 617 (entry for 13 May 1940).

155
Maharaj Singh to the editor,
Sunday Statesman
, 19 May 1940.

156
Lord Linlithgow to Amery, 21 May 1940, Linlithgow Papers, MSS Eur. F125/8.

157
Wm. Roger Louis,
In the Name of God, Go! Leo Amery and the British Empire in the Age of Churchill
, W. W. Norton & Co., New York, 1992, pp. 130–3.

158
Barnes and Nicholson,
Empire at Bay
, p. 637 (entry for 26 July 1940).

159
Louis,
In the Name of God
, p. 135; Barnes and Nicholson,
Empire at Bay
, p. 637 (entry for 30 July 1940).

160
‘Constitution Of India’,
The Times
, 9 Aug. 1940.

161
Lawrence James,
Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India
, Abacus, London, 1998 (first published 1997), p. 542.

162
Nehru to Josiah Wedgwood, 21 Nov. 1941, in
Selected Works
, vol. XI, pp. 741–2.

163
Reginald Coupland diary, MSS Brit. Emp. S15, 29 Jan. 1942.

164
Coupland diary, 22 Feb. 1942. However, according to one American observer, the prominence given to the Atlantic Charter issue in the US press was not matched in Indian newspapers: Thomas M. Wilson to Cordell Hull, 28 Nov. 1941, FRUS, 1941, vol. III, p. 188.

165
Peter Clarke,
The Cripps Version: The Life of Sir Stafford Cripps, 1889–1952
, Allen Lane, London, 2002, p. 277.

166
Tej Bahadur Sapru et al. to WSC, enclosure to Gilbert Laithwaite, 2 Jan. 1942, TOPI, vol. I, p. 4.

167
WSC to Attlee, 7 Jan. 1942, ibid., p. 14.

168
Amery to Linlithgow, 13 Jan. 1942, ibid., p. 22.

169
R. J. Moore,
Churchill, Cripps and India, 1939–1945
, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1979, pp. 53–6.

170
WSC,
Hinge of Fate
, p. 137.

171
M. S. Venkataramani and B. K. Shrivastava,
Roosevelt, Gandhi, Churchill: America and the Last Phase of India’s Freedom Struggle
, Sangam Books, London, 1997 (first published 1983), p. 23.

172
Amery to Linlithgow, 10 March 1942, TOPI, vol. I, p. 404. Emphasis in original.

173
Dilks,
Cadogan Diaries
, p. 440 (entry for 5 March 1942).

174
Peter Clarke and Richard Toye, ‘Cripps, Sir (Richard) Stafford (1889–1952)’,
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
, Oxford University Press, Sept. 2004; online edition, Jan. 2008.

175
WSC to Mackenzie King, 18 March 1942, in TOPI, vol. I, p. 440.

176
WSC,
Hinge of Fate
, p. 140.

177
J. C. Smuts to WSC, 5 March 1942, John Curtin to WSC 6 March 1942, Mackenzie King to WSC, 6 March 1942, in TOPI, vol. I, pp. 327–8, 349–50.

178
Coupland diary, 14 March 1942. Emphasis in original.

179
‘Indians and Sir S. Cripps’,
The Times
, 24 March 1942.

180
Colville,
Fringes of Power
, p. 309 (entry for 12 Dec. 1940).

181
Geoffrey Wilson, ‘My Working Life’ (unpublished memoir), p. 16.

182
H. R. Trevor-Roper (ed.),
Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944: His Private Conversations
, Phoenix Press, London, 2000 (first published Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1953; repr. 1973), p. 368 (27 March 1942).