Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (68 page)

106
Aylmer Haldane,
A Soldier’s Saga
, William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1948, pp. 371–2.

107
WSC to Lloyd George, 31 Aug. 1920 (unsent), CV IV, part 2, p. 1199.

108
WSC to Hugh Trenchard, 29 Aug. 1920, ibid., p. 1190. On the use of gas, see also Churchill’s minute of 12 May 1919, CV IV, part 1, p. 649, and his note of 16 Dec. 1921, CV IV, part 3, p. 1695.

109
WSC to Hugh Trenchard, 22 July 1921, CV IV, part 3, p. 1561.

110
WSC, ‘The Situation in Mesopotamia’, 10 Dec. 1920, NA, CAB 14/116.

111
Cabinet minutes, 13 Dec. 1921 (two meetings), CC 69 (21) and CC 70 (21), NA, CAB 23/23; Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 136, 15 Dec. 1920, col. 548.

112
Fromkin,
Peace to End All Peace
, p. 508.

113
WSC to Lloyd George, 1 Sept. 1922, CV IV, part 3, p. 1974.

114
WSC to J. C. Robertson, 27 Oct. 1922, ibid., p. 2094.

115
Henry Maxwell Coote diary, 24 March 1921, Henry Maxwell Coote Papers.

116
Coote diary, 29 March 1921, ibid.

117
WSC, memorandum, 25 Oct. 1919, CV IV, part 2, p. 938.

118
‘Zionism versus Bolshevism’,
Illustrated Sunday Herald
, 8 Feb. 1920, in
The Collected Essays of Sir Winston Churchill
, ed. Michael Wolff, 4 vols., Library of Imperial History, London, 1976, vol. IV, pp. 26–30, at 27, 29. In an editorial of 13 February 1920 the
Jewish Chronicle
criticized Churchill strongly for these views: Michael J. Cohen,
Churchill and the Jews
, 2nd edition, Frank Cass, London, 2003, p. 56. See also Norman Rose, ‘Churchill and Zionism’, in Robert Blake and Wm. Roger Louis (eds.),
Churchill
, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993, pp. 147–66, at 150–1, and Makovsky,
Churchill’s Promised Land
, pp. 84–9.

119
Tom Segev,
One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate
, Little, Brown, London, 2000, pp. 38, 158.

120
Memorandum by the Palestinian Arab Congress, 14 March 1921, and the
Egyptian Gazette
, 30 March 1921, CV IV, part 2, pp. 1386–8, 1419–21.

121
A record of the meeting, which took place on 22 July 1921, can be found in CV IV, part 3, pp. 1558–61.

122
‘Palestine: Correspondence with the Palestine Arab Delegation and the Zionist Organisation’, Cmd. 1700, June 1922, pp. 18–19. Emphasis in original.

123
Rose, ‘Churchill and Zionism’, p. 157.

124
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 156, 4 July 1922, col. 355.

125
Malcolm MacDonald,
Titans & Others
, Collins, London, 1972, pp. 91–2.

126
See Michael Cohen’s valuable article ‘The Churchill–Gilbert Symbiosis: Myth and Reality’,
Modern Judaism
, 28 (2008), pp. 204–28, which demolishes the case made in Martin Gilbert,
Churchill and the Jews
, Simon & Schuster, London, 2007.

127
WSC, memorandum, 25 Oct. 1919, CV IV, part 2, p. 938.

128
Ibid., p. 1260, n. 1.

129
WSC, memorandum, 25 Oct. 1919, ibid., p. 939.

130
‘Empire Family Council’,
The Times
, 14 Feb. 1921.

131
‘Egyptian Independence Claim’,
The Times
, 18 Feb. 1921. See also Lord Curzon to WSC, 13 June 1921, CV IV, part 3, p. 1503.

132
Curzon to Grace Curzon, 24 Oct. 1921, quoted in David Gilmour,
Curzon
, John Murray, London, 1994, p. 525.

133
Curzon to Lord Hardinge, 21 Oct. 1921, quoted ibid., p. 526.

134
‘Report of the Committee appointed by the Government of India to investigate the disturbances in the Punjab, etc.’, Cmd. 681, 1920, p. 29.

135
M. K. Gandhi,
An Autobiography, or, The Story of My Experiments with Truth
, Penguin, London, 1982 (first published 1927–9), p. 422.

136
H. H. Asquith to Venetia Stanley, 12 May 1915, in Michael and Eleanor Brock (eds.),
H. H. Asquith: Letters to Venetia Stanley
, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1982, p. 593. Emphasis in original.

137
John Darwin, ‘A Third British Empire? The Dominion Idea in Imperial Politics’, in Judith M. Brown and Wm. Roger Louis (eds.),
The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century
, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999, pp. 64–87, at 78–9.

138
Alfred Draper,
The Amritsar Massacre: Twilight of the Raj
, Buchan & Enright, London, 1985, pp. 209–12.

139
‘General Dyer’s “Error” ’,
The Times
, 8 July 1920.

140
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 131, 8 July 1920, cols. 1707–8.

141
William Sutherland to David Lloyd George, 9 July 1920, CV IV, part 2, pp. 1140–1.

142
Austen Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 11 July 1920, in Robert Self (ed.),
The Austen Chamberlain Diary Letters: The Correspondence of Sir Austen Chamberlain with his Sisters Hilda and Ida, 1916–1937
, Cambridge University Press for the Royal Historical Society, London, 1995, p. 138.

143
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 131, 8 July 1920, cols. 1719–33. For Churchill’s struggles with the Army Council, see Nigel Collett,
The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer
, Hambledon, London, 2005, ch. 21.

144
The emphasis on the massacre’s singularity was echoed by others. See Derek Sayer, ‘British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre, 1919–1920’,
Past and Present
, 131 (1991), pp. 130–64.

145
‘Punjab Press Abstract’, 33, 29 (Lahore, 17 July 1920), pp. 283–4, IOR/L/R/5/202, quoting the Lahore
Tribune
, 13 July 1920.

146
Herman,
Gandhi & Churchill
, p. 258.

147
Elspeth Huxley,
White Man’s Country: Lord Delamere and the Making of Kenya
, vol. II:
1914–1931
, Chatto & Windus, 1953 (first published 1935), p. 121.

148
WSC to Edwin Montagu, 8 Oct. 1921, CV IV, part 3, p. 1469.

149
Montagu to WSC 17 June 1921, ibid., pp. 1515–16.

150
‘Proceedings of a Deputation’, 9 Aug. 1921, NA, CO 533/270.

151
WSC to Montagu, 8 Oct. 1921, CV IV, part 3, pp. 1644–5.

152
Montagu to WSC, 12 Oct. 1921, ibid., p. 1649.

153
Huxley,
White Man’s Country
, vol. II, pp. 126–7.

154
‘Indians in East Africa’,
The Times
, 28 Jan. 1922.

155
Montagu to WSC, 31 Jan. 1922, CV IV, part 3, p. 1747.

156
Conclusions of a Conference of Ministers held on 13 Feb. 1922, NA, CAB 23/39.

157
‘Impressions and Views of Speeches’,
East African Standard
, 4 Feb. 1922.

158
‘Mr Churchill’s Masters and Ours’,
East African Standard
(weekly edition), 26 Aug. 1922.

159
‘Mr Montagu’s Reply’,
The Times
, 13 March 1922.

160
‘India and Mr Montagu’, ibid.

161
Robert M. Maxon, ‘The Devonshire Declaration: The Myth of Missionary Intervention’,
History in Africa
, 18 (1991), pp. 259–70, at p. 262.

162
‘A Dangerous Despatch’,
East African Standard
, 19 Aug. 1922.

163
An unnamed Indian civil servant, quoted in Huxley,
White Man’s Country
, vol. II, p. 135.

164
This was embodied in the so-called ‘Devonshire Declaration’, which gave the settlers what they wanted over the highlands and the question of voting, but not over segregation. The immigration issue was fudged. Cleverly, the declaration sidestepped the question of equality between Whites and Indians by stating that the welfare of Africans in the country was to be considered paramount and that, where there was a conflict of interest with those of ‘the immigrant races’, African interests were to prevail. In practice, however, the Whites remained dominant. ‘Indians in Kenya’, Cmd. 1922, July 1923, p. 10; Maxon, ‘The Devonshire Declaration’, p. 259.

165
WSC, despatch of 5 Sept. 1921, in the
Official Gazette of the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya
, 19 Oct. 1921.

166
H. R. Tate, Provincial Commissioner of Kenya Province, quoted in Bruce Berman,
Control and Crisis in Colonial Kenya: The Dialectic of Domination
, East African Educational Publishers, Nairobi, 1990, p. 153.

167
Harry Thuku,
An Autobiography
, Oxford University Press, Nairobi, 1970, pp. 32–3.

168
Anthony Clayton and Donald C. Savage,
Government and Labour in Kenya, 1895–1963
, Frank Cass, London, 1974, p. 121.

169
A. C. C. Parkinson, memorandum reviewing Thuku’s case, 17 June 1929, NA, CO 533/388/9; Martin L. Kilson, Jr., ‘Land and the Kikuyu: A Study of the Relationship between Land and Kikuyu Political Movements’,
Journal of Negro History
, 40 (1955), pp. 103–53, n. 105.

170
‘Papers relating to native disturbances in Kenya’, March, 1922, Cmd. 1691, 1922.

171
Press communiqué, 16 Sept. 1922, CV IV, part 3, p. 1994.

172
W. M. Hughes,
The Splendid Adventure: A Review of Empire Relations Within and Without the Commonwealth of Britannic Nations
, Ernest Benn, London, 1929, p. 243; Freudenberg,
Churchill and Australia
, pp. 161–4.