Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (67 page)

32
‘Imperial Patrol’,
Evening Post
(NZ), 7 May 1913.

33
Borden to WSC, 23 March 1913, CV II, part 3, p. 1805.

34
‘The Pacific Danger’,
The Times
, 14 May 1914.

35
‘Dominion Navies’,
Evening Post
(NZ), 30 April 1913.

36
‘Canada Rejects Naval Aid’,
New York Times
, 31 May 1913.

37
‘The Meeting-Place of Continents’,
The Times
, 14 May 1914.

38
Donald C. Gordon, ‘The Admiralty and Dominion Navies, 1902–1914’,
Journal of Modern History
, 33 (1961), pp. 407–22, at 422.

39
Graham Freudenberg,
Churchill and Australia
, Macmillan, Sydney, 2008, pp. 46–50.

40
Leo Amery,
My Political Life
, vol. I:
England before the Storm, 1896–1914
, Hutchinson, London, 1953, p. 196.

41
‘Perils of the Pacific’,
Evening Post
(NZ), 13 May 1913.

42
Borden to WSC, 31 Dec. 1913, CV II, part 3, p. 1814.

43
C. P. Scott diary, 15 Jan. 1914, C. P. Scott Papers, MS. Add. 50901, f. 91.

44
‘A Brilliant and Memorable Achievement’,
Evening Post
(NZ), 3 May 1915.

45
Edward J. Erickson, ‘Strength against Weakness: Ottoman Military Effectiveness at Gallipoli, 1915’,
Journal of Military History
, 65 (2001), pp. 981–1011, at 1009.

46
WSC,
The World Crisis, Part Two: 1915
[first published by Thornton Butterworth, London, 1923], CW, vol. IX, p. 366.

47
WSC to H. H. Asquith, 21 May 1915, CV III, part 2, p. 926.

48
Lord Reading diary, 27 May 1915, Lord Reading Papers, MS Eur. F118/152.

49
Speech of 5 June 1915.

50
Henry W. Nevinson,
Last Changes, Last Chances
, Nisbet & Co. Ltd, London, 1928, p. 56.

51
Wilfrid Scawen Blunt diary, 14 Aug. 1915, Wilfrid Scawen Blunt Papers, MS 15–1975.

52
Scawen Blunt diary, 29 April 1917, Blunt Papers, MS 17–1975.

53
Despatch of 10 Sept. 1915, quoted in ‘Gallipoli Struggle: Prime Reasons of Failure’,
Evening Post
(NZ), Oct. 1915.

54
‘German Gibes at Churchill’,
New York Times
, 14 Nov. 1915.

55
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, vol. III:
1914–1916
, Heinemann, London, 1971, pp. 563, 565–6.

56
T. H. Buck to Ralph David Blumenfeld, 21 Nov. [1915], Ralph David Blumenfeld Papers, BLU/1/4/BU.1.

57
David Lloyd George to William George, 6 March 1916, William George Papers, 3054.

58
Sunday Times
, 3 June 1917, quoted in Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, vol. IV:
1917–1922
, Heinemann, London, 1975, p. 23.

59
J. C. Smuts to David Lloyd George, 6 June 1917, CV IV, part 1, p. 69.

60
J. C. Smuts to WSC, 31 July 1917, ibid., p. 120.

61
Cornelia Wimborne to WSC, 18 July 1917, ibid., p. 101.

62
Walter Layton, ‘Adventures in Peace and War’ (unpublished memoirs), pp. 169–169A, Walter Layton Papers, Box 147.

63
WSC, preface to Jeremiah McVeagh,
Home Rule in a Nutshell
(n.d. but 1911), quoted in Paul Addison, ‘Winston Churchill’s Concept of “The English-Speaking Peoples” ’, in Attila Pók (ed.),
The Fabric of Modern Europe: Essays in Honour of Éva Haraszti Taylor
, Nottingham, Astra Press, 1999, pp. 103–17, at 105.

64
Speech of 10 Dec. 1917.

65
J. M. McEwen,
The Riddell Diaries, 1908–1923
, Athlone Press, London and Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1986, p. 267 (entry for 11 April 1919).

66
Speech of 4 Nov. 1920.

67
WSC to John Morley, 30 Nov. 1905, John Morley Papers, MS Eng. d. 3559, f. 22.

68
Speeches of 8 Feb. and 1 March 1912.

69
‘Mr Churchill in Belfast’,
The Times
, 9 Feb. 1912.

70
‘The Home Rule Fight’,
The Times
, 12 Aug. 1912.

71
WSC to John Redmond, 31 Aug. 1912, John Redmond Papers.

72
Speech of 14 March 1914.

73
Austen Chamberlain, ‘Memo of Conversation with Winston Churchill. Nov. 27 1913’, Austen Chamberlain Papers, AC 11/1/21.

74
Henry Wilson diary, 30 Aug. 1920, CV IV, part 2, p. 1195.

75
Speech of 16 Oct. 1920.

76
Keith Middlemas (ed.),
Thomas Jones, Whitehall Diary
, vol. III:
Ireland 1918–1925
, Oxford University Press, London, 1971, p. 85 (entry for 6 July 1921).

77
‘Draft Reply Adopted at Gairloch’, 21 Sept. 1921, ibid., p. 116.

78
See, for example, ‘Mr Churchill’s Speech: Sinn Fein’s Answer’,
Irish Times
, 29 Sept. 1921.

79
Collins’s notes, quoted in Rex Taylor,
Michael Collins
, Hutchinson, London, 1958, pp. 154–5.

80
Erskine Childers diary, 5 Dec. 1921, copy in Eamon De Valera Papers, P150/1489.

81
James Mackay,
Michael Collins: A Life
, Mainstream Publishing, Edinburgh, 1996, p. 226.

82
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 149, 15 Dec. 1921, cols. 181–2.

83
Dáil Éireann Debates, vol. T, 19 Dec. 1921, 25.

84
Ibid., 3 Jan. 1922, 183.

85
Ibid., 19 Dec. 1921, 33.

86
Quoted in Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, vol. IV, p. 894.

87
Kevin Matthews,
Fatal Influence: The Impact of Ireland on British Politics, 1920–1925
, University College Dublin Press, Dublin, 2004, p. 78.

88
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 149, 15 Dec. 1921, col. 182.

89
See, for example, Julian Amery diary, 28 Feb. 1951, Julian Amery Papers, 4/302.

90
WSC, minute of 18 June 1940, quoted in Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, vol. VI:
Finest Hour, 1939–1941
, Heinemann, London, 1983, p. 433.

91
Maurice Hankey diary, 8 Jan. 1921, Maurice Hankey Papers, 1/5.

92
Henry Wilson diary, 23 Jan. 1921, CV IV, part 2, p. 1319.

93
Clementine Churchill to WSC, 7 Feb. 1921, in Mary Soames, (ed.),
Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill
, Doubleday, London, 1998, p. 226.

94
John Barnes and David Nicholson (eds.),
The Leo Amery Diaries
, vol. I:
1896–1929
, Hutchinson, London, 1980, p. 392 (entry for 21 Nov. 1924).

95
Ronald Hyam, ‘Churchill and the British Empire’, in Robert Blake and Wm. Roger Louis (eds.),
Churchill
, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993, pp. 167–85, at 178–9.

96
Lord Curzon to Lady (Grace) Curzon, 14 Feb. 1921, CV IV, part 2, p. 1349.

97
M. R. Lawrence (ed.),
The Home Letters of T. E. Lawrence and his Brothers
, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1954, p. 232.

98
WSC,
Great Contemporaries
[first published by Thornton Butterworth, London, 1937], CW, vol. XVI, p. 121. An insightful account of Churchill’s view of Lawrence can be found in Paul K. Alkon,
Winston Churchill’s Imagination
, Bucknell University Press, Lewisburg, 2006, ch. 1.

99
Gertrude Bell to Frank Balfour, 25 March 1921, Gertrude Bell online archive. For the complaints of others about Churchill, see Michael Makovsky,
Churchill’s Promised Land: Zionism and Statecraft
, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2007, p. 112.

100
T. E. Lawrence to Robert Graves, quoted in Robert Graves,
Lawrence and the Arabs
, Jonathan Cape, London, 1927, pp. 396–7.

101
Gertrude Bell to Frank Balfour, 25 March 1921, Gertrude Bell online archive.

102
David Fromkin,
A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East
, Henry Holt & Co., New York, 1989, p. 25. See also, for example, Christopher Catherwood,
Winston’s Folly: Imperialism and the Creation of Modern Iraq
, Constable, London, 2004.

103
Arthur Herman,
Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age
, Bantam Books, New York, 2008, p. 272.

104
Lawrence James,
The Golden Warrior: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia
, revised edition, Abacus, London, 1995, pp. 384–5; Robert Olson, ‘The Churchill–Cox Correspondence Regarding the Creation of the State of Iraq: Consequences for British Policy Towards the Nationalist Turkish Government, 1921–1923’,
International Journal of Turkish Studies
, 5 (1991), pp. 121–36.

105
‘Mesopotamia and Mr Churchill’,
The Times
, 23 Feb. 1921.