Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (71 page)

134
Churchill’s original typescript gave ‘shams’ but both the
Listener
and
The Times
reported ‘shame’. For his avowal of what he had said, see Nicholas Mansergh,
The Commonwealth Experience
, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1969, p. 267n.

135
Robert Bernays to Lucy Brereton, 6 June 1935, in Nick Smart (ed.),
The Diaries and Letters of Robert Bernays, 1932–1939
, Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston/Queenston/Lampeter, 1996, p. 201.

136
Speech of 5 June 1935.

137
‘House of Commons’,
The Times
, 6 June 1935.

138
Louis Fischer,
The life of Mahatma Gandhi
, HarperCollins, London, 1997 (first published 1951), p. 466.

139
Birla to MKG, 25 Aug. 1935, CV V, part 2, pp. 1243–5.

140
Baldwin to William Bridgeman, 12 June 1935, in Williamson and Baldwin,
Baldwin Papers
, p. 333.

141
Interview to the press, 17 Nov. 1939, in
Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru
, first series, 15 vols., Orient Longman/B. R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 1972–82, vol. IX, p. 203.

142
Jawaharlal Nehru,
The Discovery of India
, Meridian Books, London, 1946, p. 376.

143
Lord Tweedsmuir to Baldwin, 3 Feb. 1937, Baldwin Papers, vol. 97, f. 183.

144
‘ “Winnie” For Sea Lord’,
Time
, 17 July 1939.

145
Roderick Macleod and Denis Kelly (eds.),
The Ironside Diaries, 1937–1940
, Constable, London, 1962, p. 42 (entry for 6 Dec. 1939).

146
Butler to Brabourne, 22 November 1937, Brabourne Papers, MSS Eur. F97/22B, f. 108.

147
Broadcast of 30 April 1937; ‘Defence of the Empire’
The Times
, 1 May 1937.

148
Speech of 20 April 1939.

149
Paul Addison, ‘Winston Churchill’s Concept of “The English-Speaking Peoples” ’, in Attila Pók (ed.),
The Fabric of Modern Europe: Essays in Honour of Éva Haraszti Taylor
, Astra Press, Nottingham, 1999, pp. 103–17, at 105–6; Jason Tomes,
Balfour and Foreign Policy: The International Thought of a Conservative Statesman
, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997, esp. p. 190; Philip Williamson, ‘The Doctrinal Politics of Stanley Baldwin’, in Michael Bentley (ed.),
Public and Private Doctrine: Essays in British History Presented to Maurice Cowling
, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 181–208, at 199.

150
Wendy Webster,
Englishness and Empire, 1939–1965
, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005, pp. 16–17.

151
Richard S. Grayson, ‘Leo Amery’s Imperialist Alternative to Appeasement in the 1930s’,
Twentieth Century British History
, 17 (2006), pp. 489–515. For a trenchant statement by Churchill of his opposition to the return of colonies, see ‘The Colony Racket’,
Collier’s
, 19 Nov. 1938,
Collected Essays
, vol. II, pp. 406–14.

152
Broadcast of 16 Nov. 1934.

153
WSC to Baldwin, 15 Dec. 1924, CV V, part 1, p. 306.

154
Naval Programme Committee (27), 6th meeting, 2 Feb. 1928, NA, CAB 27/355, quoted in Christopher M. Bell, ‘Winston Churchill, Pacific Security, and the Limits of British Power, 1921–41’, in John H. Maurer (ed.),
Churchill and Strategic Dilemmas before the World Wars
, Frank Cass, London, 2003, pp. 51–87, at 51.

155
Broadcast of 30 April 1937.

156
Mackenzie King diary, l july 1939.

157
Ibid., 15 Sept. 1939.

158
Menzies’ 1935 diary, quoted in A. W. Martin and Patsy Hardy (eds.),
Dark and Hurrying Days: Menzies’ 1941 Diary
, National Library of Australia, Canberra, 1993, p. 4. See also David Day,
Menzies & Churchill at War
, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993 (first published 1986), pp. 6–8.

159
WSC to J. C. Smuts, 7 Sept. 1939, in
Selections from the Smuts Papers
, vol. VI,
December 1934–August 1945
, ed. Jean van der Poel, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1973, p. 191.

160
Mackenzie King diary, 28 Aug. 1939.

161
WSC, ‘Will the British Empire Last?’,
Answers
, 26 Oct. 1929, in
Collected Essays
, vol. II, pp. 172–5, at 175.

7. UNDISMAYED AGAINST DISASTER

1
Lady Blood to WSC, 7 Sept. 1939, CWP, vol. I, p. 50. Emphasis in original.

2
Speech to Lobby journalists, 29 Feb. 1940, CWP, vol. I, p. 832.

3
Broadcast of 1 Oct. 1939.

4
Charles Eade diary, n.d., describing a meeting on 6 Oct. 1939, Charles Eade Papers.

5
Nigel Nicolson (ed.),
Harold Nicolson: Diaries and Letters 1939–1945
, Collins, London, p. 37 (entry for 26 Sept. 1939).

6
WSC to Dudley Pound and others, 5 Sept. 1939, CWP, vol. I, pp. 28–9.

7
WSC to Lord Halifax, 20 Oct. 1939, CWP, vol. I, p. 270.

8
War Cabinet minutes, 24 Oct. 1939, WM (39) 58th, NA, CAB 65/1/58.

9
Nigel West (ed.),
The Guy Liddell Diaries
, vol. I:
1939–1942: MI5’s Director of Counter-Espionage in World War II
, Routledge, London, 2005, p. 41 (entry for 2 Nov. 1939).

10
John Harvey (ed.),
The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey, 1937–1940
, Collins, London, 1970, p. 326 (entry for 30 Oct. 1939).

11
David Stafford,
Churchill and Secret Service
, Abacus, London, 2000 (first published 1997), pp. 189–90.

12
WSC to Dudley Pound and others, 24 Sept. 1939, CWP, vol. I, p. 143.

13
Harvey,
Diplomatic Diaries
, p. 326 (entry for 30 Oct. 1939).

14
WSC to Charles Little, 14 Oct. 1939, CWP, vol. I, p. 240.

15
John Barnes and David Nicholson (eds.),
The Empire at Bay: The Leo Amery Diaries, 1929–1945
, Hutchinson, London, 1988, p. 842 (entry for 12 Nov. 1942).

16
Congress resolution of 20 March 1940, in ‘India and the War’, Cmd. 6196, April 1940, p. 5.

17
‘Note of an interview between His Excellency the Viceroy and Mr M. A. Jinnah, at the Viceroy’s house, New Delhi, on 4th November 1939’, Lord Linlithgow Papers, MSS Eur. F25/8.

18
War Cabinet minutes, 2 Feb. 1940, WM (40) 30th, NA, CAB 65/5/30.

19
Muslim League resolution, 24 March 1940, in ‘India and the War’, Cmd. 6196, April 1940, p. 7.

20
War Cabinet minutes, 12 April 1940, WM (40) 89th, NA, CAB 65/6/34.

21
John Colville,
The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955
, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1985, p. 103 (entry for 12 April 1940).

22
Quoted in David Reynolds,
In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War
, Allen Lane, London, 2004, p. 126.

23
Barnes and Nicolson,
Empire at Bay
, p. 592 (entry for 7 May 1940); Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, 7 May 1940, col. 1150.

24
WSC,
The Second World War
, vol. I:
The Gathering Storm
[first published by Cassell, London, 1948], CW, vol. XXII, p. 428.

25
War Cabinet minutes, 14 May, at 7 p.m., WM (40) 122nd, NA, CAB 65/7/17.

26
As recalled by Harold Macmillan, quoted in Betty D. Vernon,
Ellen Wilkinson
, Croom Helm, London, 1982, p. 184.

27
Labour Party Annual Conference Report
, Labour Party, London, 1940, pp. 128–9.

28
‘Empire Unity in the War’,
The Times
, 17 May 1940.

29
W. L. Mackenzie King diary, 11 May 1940.

30
‘We Shall Be Together’,
Time
, 27 May 1940.

31
‘New Premier’,
Daily Gleaner
, 11 May 1940.

32
‘New Pilot for the Storm’,
Canberra Times
, 13 May 1940.

33
‘The New Leader’,
Palestine Post
, 13 May 1940.

34
‘A Leader at Last’,
Sunday Statesman
, 12 May 1940.

35
Nirad C. Chaudhuri,
Thy Hand, Great Anarch! India: 1921–1952
, Chatto & Windus, London, 1987, p. 566.

36
S. D. Jupp, ‘Burma Press Abstract’, 23 May 1940, IOR/L/R/5/207.

37
Jawaharlal Nehru, ‘India, China and England’,
National Herald
, 21 July 1940, in
Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru
, first series, 15 vols., Orient Longman/B. R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 1972–82, vol. XI, pp. 83–6.

38
Nehru, speech of 27 July 1940, in
Selected Works
, vol. XI, pp. 87–8.

39
Deutschlandsender, in German for Germany, 13 May 1940, quoted in Daily Digest of Foreign Broadcasts, 13–14 May 1940, BBC Written Archives.

40
Speech of 13 May 1940.

41
Speech of 19 May 1940.

42
Speech of 4 June 1940.