Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (74 page)

183
Louis P. Lochner,
The Goebbels Diaries
, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1948, p. 109 (entry for 31 March 1942).

184
Clarke,
Cripps Version
, p. 305.

185
Robert Pearce (ed.),
Patrick Gordon Walker: Political Diaries, 1932–1971
, The Historians’ Press, London, 1991, p. 110 (entry for 25 April 1942).

186
Coupland diary, 8 April 1942.

187
Speech of 21 May 1942, in Nehru,
Selected Works
, vol. XI, p. 324.

188
WSC,
Hinge of Fate
, p. 142.

189
Clarke,
Cripps Version
, p. 329.

190
Barnes and Nicolson,
Empire at Bay
, p. 786 (entry for 8 March 1942).

191
‘A Vote of No-Confidence’,
National Herald
, 3 July 1942, in Nehru,
Selected Works
, vol. XII, p. 381.

192
James,
Raj
, pp. 564–5.

193
Linlithgow to WSC, 31 August 1942, TOPI, vol. II, p. 853.

194
Subhas Chandra Bose, ‘Guerrilla War and Plan of Action’, 4 Sept. 1942, in W. J. West (ed.),
George Orwell: The War Commentaries
, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1987 (first published 1985), pp. 230–1.

195
Brendon,
Decline and Fall
, p. 396; ‘The Time is Now’,
Time
, 5 Oct. 1942.

196
War Cabinet minutes, 31 Aug. 1942, WM (42) 119th, NA, CAB 195/1.

197
Amery to Linlithgow, 1 September 1942, in TOPI, vol. II, p. 875.

198
War Cabinet minutes, 31 Aug. 1942, WM (42) 119th, NA, CAB 195/1.

199
Amery to Linlithgow, 1 Sept. 1942, TOPI, vol. II, p. 875.

200
Amery to Stafford Cripps, 2 Oct. 1942, ibid., p. 71.

201
WSC, ‘The Indian Representatives at the War Cabinet’, 7 Sept. 1942, ibid., p. 920.

202
A. R. Mudaliar to G. Laithwaite, 21 Sept. 1942 and Amery to Linlithgow, 13 Nov. 1942, TOPI, vol. III, pp. 3, 251.

203
Barnes and Nicholson,
Empire at Bay
, p. 832 (entry for 9 Sept. 1942).

204
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 383, 10 Sept. 1942, cols. 302–5.

205
Barnes and Nicholson,
Empire at Bay
, p. 832 (entry for 10 Sept. 1942).

206
The Indian press reaction is summarized in ‘A Chorus of Criticism’,
The Times
, 14 Sept. 1942.

207
‘Our Indian Observer’, ‘Political Comments’,
Sunday Statesman
, 20 Sept. 1942.

208
India League,
The Prime Minister on India: An Examination of Mr Churchill’s Statement on India in the House of Commons on the 10th September 1942
, India League, London, 1942, in Fabian Colonial Bureau Papers, Box 1/5, MSS Brit. Emp. S365. The speech also inspired another published attack on Churchill: Hira Seth Lal,
Churchill on India: Let His Past Records
[
sic
]
Speak
, First National Publishers, Lahore, 1942.

209
‘Reports of a Press Conference held by Mr Jinnah’, 13 Sept. 1942, TOPI, vol. II, p. 958.

210
Lord Halifax to Anthony Eden, 14 Sept. 1942, Lord Halifax Papers, HLFX 2.

211
Pearce,
Gordon Walker: Diaries
, p. 113 (entry for 1 Oct. 1942).

212
Rhodes James,
‘Chips’
, p. 341 (entry for 21 Oct. 1942).

213
Nicolson,
Harold Nicolson: Diaries and Letters
, p. 251 (entry for 21 Oct. 1942); Barnes and Nicolson,
Empire at Bay
, p. 839 (entry for 21 Oct. 1942).

214
‘General Smuts on Aims in War and Peace’
The Times
, 22 Oct. 1942.

215
R. A. C. Parker,
The Second World War: A Short History
, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997 (first published 1989), pp. 105–6.

216
Speech of 10 Nov. 1942.

217
Ibid.

218
‘ “Great Design” in Africa’,
The Times
, 11 Nov. 1942.

219
Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, p.8.

220
‘Commonwealth of the World’,
The Times
, 28 Oct. 1942.

221
Speech of 10 Nov. 1942.

222
Martin Gilbert rightly notes that the sentence about democracy is rarely quoted, but he appears to take it as a simple statement of Churchill’s (undoubted) commitment to majority rule in Britain:
Churchill’s Political Philosophy
, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1981, p. 88.

223
‘Double Noncooperation’,
Time
, 23 Nov. 1942.

224
Nehru diary, 13 Nov. 1942, in
Selected Works
, vol. XIII, p. 29.

225
‘ “Old Imperialistic Order” ’,
The Times
, 18 Nov. 1942; H. G. Nicholas (ed.),
Washington Despatches, 1941–45: Weekly Political Reports from the British Embassy
, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1981, p. 122 (report of 8 Dec. 1942).

226
‘Episodes of the Month: Mr Churchill’s Declaration’,
National Review
, 119 (1942), pp. 462–3; ‘Empire Union Chides Mr Spender’,
Canberra Times
, 20 Nov. 1942.

227
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 385, 26 Nov. 1942, col. 938.

228
‘Imperialist Order’,
Washington Post
, 20 Nov. 1942.

229
Mackenzie King diary, 5 Dec. 1942. In 1944, FDR commented privately to a journalist that Churchill ‘has that grandiose statement haunting him all the time – the one about not becoming the King’s first Minister in order to preside over the liquidation of the “empah” ’. Quoted in Auriol Weigold,
Churchill, Roosevelt and India: Propaganda During World War II
, Routledge, London, 2008, p. 95.

8. HANDS OFF THE BRITISH EMPIRE

1
Quoted in ‘Britain “Tottering Colossus” ’,
Irish Times
, 17 Dec. 1943.

2
Axis broadcast, quoted in ‘Battle of Babble’,
Time
, 16 Feb. 1942.

3
John Charmley,
Churchill, The End of Glory: A Political Biography
, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1993, p. 455.

4
War Cabinet minutes, 7 Jan. 1943, WM (43) 4th, NA, CAB 195/2.

5
WSC to Lord Linlithgow, 13 Feb. 1943, TOPI, vol. III, p. 659.

6
Linlithgow to WSC, 15 Feb. 1943, ibid., p. 669.

7
WSC to Harry Hopkins, 24 Feb. 1943, Churchill Papers, CHAR 20/107, f. 21.

8
WSC to J. C. Smuts, 26 Feb. 1943, TOPI, vol. III, p. 738.

9
Unused speech notes for WSC’s broadcast of 21 March 1943, Churchill Papers, CHAR 9/193A, ff. 87–8.

10
Amartya Sen,
Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation
, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1981, pp. 52–83.

11
Cormac Ó Gráda, ‘The Ripple that Drowns? Twentieth-century Famines in China and India as Economic History’,
Economic History Review
, 61 (2008), pp. 5–37.

12
Lance Brennan, ‘Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943’,
Journal of Asian Studies
, 47 (1988), pp. 541–66.

13
Penderel Moon (ed.),
Wavell: The Viceroy’s Journal
, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1997, p. 19 (entry for 24 Sept. 1943); John Barnes and David Nicholson (eds.),
The Empire at Bay: The Leo Amery Diaries, 1929–1945
, Hutchinson, London, 1988, p. 950 (entry for 10 Nov. 1943).

14
Lord Wavell to Amery, 9 Feb. 1944, TOPI, vol. IV, pp. 706–7.

15
Wavell to Amery, 25 Feb. 1944, ibid., p. 758.

16
Amery to Wavell, 27 April 1944, ibid., pp. 933–4.

17
Barnes and Nicholson,
Empire at Bay
, pp. 839, 848, 874 (entries for 14 Oct. and 30 Nov. 1942, 27 Feb. 1943).

18
Moon,
Viceroy’s Journal
, p. 23 (entry for 8 Oct. 1943).

19
R. A. Butler,
The Art of the Possible
, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1971, p. 111.

20
William Phillips,
Ventures in Diplomacy
, John Murray, London, 1955, p. 253.

21
‘Indian Leader Again Tells Britain to Quit’,
Observer
, 25 Dec. 1943.

22
‘Statistical Material presented during the Washington Negotiations’, Cmd. 6707, Dec. 1945, p. 11, Table 7; B. R. Tomlinson,
The Political Economy of the Raj, 1914–1947: The Economics of Decolonization in India
, Macmillan, London, 1979, p. 140.

23
‘Psywarrior’, ‘Axis Propaganda against Indian Troops’,
http://www.psywarrior.com/AxisPropIndia.html
, accessed 17 June 2009.

24
Barnes and Nicholson,
Empire at Bay
, p. 836 (entry for 24 Sept. 1942).

25
Ibid., p. 901 (entry for 27 July 1943).