Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (78 page)

73
‘Burma: Statement of Policy by His Majesty’s Government’, Cmd. 6635, May 1945, p. 9.

74
Speech of 20 Dec. 1946.

75
Hugh Tinker, ‘Burma’s Struggle for Independence: The Transfer of Power Thesis Re-Examined’,
Modern Asian Studies
, 20 (1986), pp. 461–81, at 476.

76
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 443, 5 Nov. 1947, cols. 1846–8.

77
Ibid., col. 1859.

78
Gilbert Laithwaite to Hubert Rance, Gilbert Laithwaite Papers, MS Eur. F138/74.

79
Tinker, ‘Burma’s Struggle for Independence’, p. 479.

80
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 426, 1 Aug. 1946, cols. 1254, 1257.

81
Amery diary, 8 Aug. 1946, Leo Amery Papers, 7/40.

82
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 434, 6 March 1947, col. 675.

83
Ibid., vol. 443, 5 Nov. 1947, col. 1846.

84
Clarke,
Last Thousand Days
, p. 484.

85
‘Many Labour MPs Abstain in Palestine Division’,
The Times
, 27 Jan. 1949.

86
Amery to Chaim Weizmann, 27 Jan. 1949, Leo Amery Papers, 2/2/28.

87
Henri Grimal,
Decolonization: The British, French, Dutch and Belgian Empires, 1919–1963
, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1978, p. 135.

88
‘Trends in Attitudes to Government Leaders’, Mass Observation File Report 2476, April 1947, Mass-Observation Archive.

89
Clarke,
Last Thousand Days
, p. 506.

90
Broadcast of 17 Feb. 1950.

91
F. W. S. Craig (ed.),
British General Election Manifestos, 1918–1966
, Political Reference Publications, Chichester, 1970, p. 123.

92
‘Labour Party “Falsehoods” ’,
The Times
, 9 Feb. 1950.

93
Speech of 28 Jan. 1950.

94
R. W. Ferrier,
The History of the British Petroleum Company
, vol. I:
The Developing Years, 1901–1932
, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982, pp. 194–7. By convention, the government did not interfere in the running of the company.

95
J. H. Bamberg,
The History of the British Petroleum Company
, vol. II:
The Anglo-Iranian Years, 1928–1954
, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994, p. 513.

96
Sue Onslow, ‘ “Battlelines for Suez”: The Abadan Crisis of 1951 and the Formation of the Suez Group’,
Contemporary British History
, 17 (2003), pp. 1–28, esp. 6–7.

97
D. E. Butler,
The British General Election of 1951
, Macmillan, London, 1952, pp. 86, 116.

98
Speech of 6 Oct. 1951.

99
Quoted in Butler,
British General Election of 1951
, p. 121.

100
Speech of 23 Oct. 1951.

101
Amery diary, 25 June 1945, Leo Amery Papers, 7/39.

102
Ibid., 28 Sept. 1951, Leo Amery Papers, 7/45.

103
‘Labour’s Defeat’,
Manchester Guardian
, 26 Oct. 1951.

104
Speech of 12 Oct. 1951.

105
‘Canada Has Doubts on Empire Policy’,
Observer
, 28 Oct. 1951; ‘Appeal to Mr Churchill to Be a National Leader’,
Manchester Guardian
, 29 Oct. 1951.

106
‘Churchill Called to Great Tasks’,
Canberra Times
, 27 Oct. 1951.

107
‘Tory Victory’,
Hindustan Times Weekly
, 28 Oct. 1951.

108
Quoted in ‘Lord Ismay’s Appointment Reassures India’,
Manchester Guardian
, 29 Oct. 1951. For Ismay’s concern that Churchill would disapprove of his posting with Mountbatten, see
The Memoirs of Lord Ismay
, Heinemann, London, 1960, p. 410.

109
Letter of 1 Nov. 1951 in G. Parthasarathi (ed.),
Jawaharlal Nehru: Letters to Chief Ministers, 1947–1964
, vol. III:
1952–1954
, Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, New Delhi, 1987, pp. 527–8.

110
‘The Tories’ Return and West Africa’,
West African Pilot
, 30 Oct. 1951.

111
Richard Koebner and Helmut Dan Schmidt,
Imperialism: The Story and Significance of a Political Word, 1840–1960
, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1964, p. 306.

112
Broadcast of 7 Feb. 1952.

113
‘The Queen’s Congratulations to Everest Expedition’,
Manchester Guardian
, 3 June 1953.

114
Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 20 Nov. 1951, CC (51) 9th, NA, CAB 195/10.

115
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 504, 30 July 1952, col. 1509.

116
John Cloake,
Templer, Tiger of Malaya: The Life of Field Marshal Sir Gerald Templer
, Harrap, London, 1985, p. 204.

117
Oscar Nemon, unpublished memoirs, p. 72, Oscar Nemon Papers, 3/1.

118
R. H. Ferrell (ed.),
The Eisenhower Diaries
, W. W. Norton & Co., New York, 1981, pp. 222–4 (entry for 6 Jan. 1953).

119
David Stafford,
Churchill and Secret Service
, Abacus, London, 2000 (first published 1997), pp. 390–6.

120
Kermit Roosevelt,
Countercoup: The Struggle for the Control of Iran
, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979, p. 207.

121
Amery diary, 12 May 1953, Leo Amery Papers, 7/47. The 1925 Locarno Pact was a treaty of mutual guarantee between Germany, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Italy.

122
‘Lord Swinton’s Own Notes of the Commonwealth Prime Ministers’ Meeting, June, 1953’, Lord Swinton Papers, I/6.

123
Amery diary, 21 Sept. 1952, Leo Amery Papers, 7/47.

124
‘The Men for Oldham’,
Oldham Daily Standard
, 26 June 1899.

125
Evelyn Shuckburgh,
Descent to Suez: Diaries, 1951–56
, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1986, p. 75 (entry for 29 Jan. 1953).

126
Gilbert,
‘Never Despair’
, pp. 797–9; Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 15 March 1954, CC (54) 18th, NA, CAB 195/12.

127
See Onslow, ‘ “Battlelines for Suez” ’.

128
Interview with Julian Amery for the television series
Churchill
, c. 1991, Churchill Additional Papers, WCHL 15/2/51.

129
Carlton,
Anthony Eden
, p. 358.

130
See John Charmley,
Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Relationship, 1940–57
, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1995, p. 278.

131
Interview with Julian Amery for
Churchill
.

132
‘Leaving the Suez’,
Time
, 26 July 1954.

133
‘Decline of Empire’,
Time
, 9 Aug. 1954; Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 531, 28 July 1954, col. 499.

134
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 531, 29 July 1954, col. 750.

135
Lord Moran,
Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 1940–1965
, Constable, London, 1966, pp. 630–1.

136
John Ramsden,
Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend since 1945
, HarperCollins, London, 2002, pp. 493–504.

137
R. G. Menzies, ‘Churchill and the Commonwealth’, in James Marchant (ed.),
Winston Spencer Churchill: Servant of Crown and Commonwealth
, Cassell, London, 1954, pp. 91–9, at 94, 96.

138
Memorandum by Lester B. Pearson, 9 Dec. 1951, in David Dilks,
‘The Great Dominion’: Winston Churchill in Canada, 1900–1954
, Thomas Allen, Toronto, 2005, p. 376.

139
Broadcast of 13 May 1945.

140
The Earl of Longford and Thomas P. O’Neill,
Eamon De Valera
, Hutchinson, London, 1970, p. 443.

141
Ramsden,
Man of the Century
, p. 259.

142
Moran,
Struggle for Survival
, p. 473. De Valera appears to have extended an invitation to Churchill to visit Ireland. The latter ‘spoke very appreciatively’ of this offer, although he never took it up. Before returning to office, Churchill had thought of visiting Ireland in order to see Canyon Kid, a racehorse he owned, run in the Irish Derby, but the horse died of heart failure and the plan lapsed. Churchill told the Irish ambassador of his regrets: ‘You know I have had many invitations to visit Ulster but I have refused them all. I don’t want to go there at all, I would much rather go to Southern Ireland. Maybe I’ll buy another horse with an entry in the Irish Derby.’ (He never did.) Shane Leslie, undated note, Eamon De Valera Papers, P150/1507; F. H. Boland to the Secretary, Department of External Affairs, 9 May 1951, National Archives of Ireland, DFA P250.

143
This paragraph owes much to Andrew Roberts,
Eminent Churchillians
, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1994, ch. 4.

144
Moran,
Struggle for Survival
, pp. 651–2.

145
Cabinet Secretary’s notebook, 3 Feb. 1954, CC (54) 7th, NA, CAB 195/11.