Caesar. Life of a Colossus (Adrian Goldsworthy) Yale University Press (99 page)

24

Caesar,
BG
4. 33.

25

Caesar,
BG
4. 32–35.

26

Caesar,
BG
4. 36–38.

27

Caesar,
BG
4 . 38, Dio 39. 53. 1–2.

28

Caesar,
BG
5. 1–7.

29

Caesar,
BG
5. 5, 8.

30

Caesar,
BG
5. 9.

31

Caesar,
BG
5. 10–11; see also Grainge (2005), p. 105–106. 32

Caesar,
BG
5. 11, 15–16.

33

Caesar,
BG
5. 17–22.

551

Notes

34

Caesar,
BG
5. 22–23. In AD 16 part of a Roman army travelling by sea off Germany was blown off course and landed in Britain. The soldiers brought back wild tales of its inhabitants, see Tacitus,
Annals
2. 24. 35

Cicero,
ad Att.
4. 17; on excitement from receipt of his brother Quintus’ account of operations in Britain see
ad Quintum Fratrem
2. 16. 4. XIV Rebellion, Disaster and Vengeance

1

Caesar,
BG
5. 33.

2

Plutarch,
Pompey
53, Suetonius,
Caesar
26. 1, Vellieus Paterculus 2. 47. 2, Dio 39. 64.

3

Plutarch,
Caesar
23; on Trebonius’ law see Velleius Paterculus 2. 46. 2, Plutarch,
Crassus
15, Dio 39. 33. 2; on Pompey’s position at this period see R. Seager,
Pompey the Great
(2002), pp. 120–132, esp. 123–124. 4

Plutarch,
Crassus
15–16, Dio 39. 39. 5–7, Cicero,
ad Att.
4. 13. 2, and A. Ward,
Marcus Crassus and the Late Roman Republic
(1977), pp. 243–253, 262–288. 5

Cicero,
ad Quintum Fratrem
2. 15a. 3; for letters to Cicero from Caesar during the British campaign see Cicero,
ad Quintum Fratrem
3. 1. 17 and 25,
ad Att.
4. 18. 5; on Quintus as Caesar’s legate see M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), pp. 138–139. 6

For letter of recommendation to Caesar see Cicero,
ad Fam.
7. 5, letters to Trebatius,
ad Fam.
7. 6–19, Cicero,
ad Quintum Fratrem
2. 15a. 3 for quote; see also Gelzer (1968), pp. 138–139.

7

Caesar,
BG
5. 24–25; Cicero,
ad Att.
4. 19. 8

Caesar,
BG
5. 26.

9

Caesar,
BG
5. 26–37.

10

For a discussion see A. Powell, ‘Julius Caesar and the Presentation of Massacre’, in K. Welch & A. Powell (eds.),
Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter: The War
Commentaries as Political Instruments
(1998), pp. 111–137, esp. 116–121, & Gelzer (1968), p. 143; for it seen as Caesar’s defeat see Suetonius,
Caesar
25. 2, Plutarch,
Caesar
24, Appian,
BC
2. 150; for a consideration of this campaign within the framework of Roman strategy see A. Goldsworthy,
The Roman Army
at War, 100 BC – AD 200
(1996), pp. 79–84, 90–95.

11

Caesar,
BG
5. 38–45, 52; on four tragedies in sixteen days see Cicero,
ad Quintum
Fratrem
3. 5/6. 8.

12

Caesar,
BG
5. 46–47; on the presence of Trebatius see Cicero,
ad Fam.
7. 16, 11, 12.

13

Caesar,
BG
5. 47–48, Suetonius,
Caesar
67. 2. 14

Caesar,
BG
5. 48–49, Suetonius,
Caesar
66. 15

Caesar,
BG
5. 49–51.

16

Cicero,
ad Fam.
7. 10. 2.

17

Caesar,
BG
5. 53.

18

Caesar,
BG
5. 52–58.

19

Caesar,
BG
6. 1–2; on plundering see J. Roth,
The Logistics of the Roman Army
at War, 264 BC–AD 235
(1999), pp. 305–309; on legionary numbers see L. Keppie,
The Making of the Roman Army
(1984), p. 87.

20

Caesar,
BG
6. 3–4.

552

Notes

21

Caesar,
BG
6. 5–8.

22

Caesar,
BG
6. 9–10, 29.

23

For a wide discussion of the importance of rivers see D. Braund, ‘River Frontiers in the Environmental Psychology of the Roman World’, in D. Kennedy (ed.),
The
Roman Army in the East, JRA Supplementary Series 18
(1996), pp. 43–47. 24

Caesar,
BG
6. 29–34, on the death of Catuvolcus see 6. 31. 25

Caesar,
BG
6. 43.

26

Caesar,
BG
6. 35–44; on the impact of Caesar’s campaigns on the region see N. Roymans,
Tribal Societies in Northern Gaul: An Anthropological Perspective,
Cingula 12
(1990), pp. 136–144 and ‘The North Belgic Tribes in the First Century BC’ in R. Brandt & J. Slofstra (eds.),
Roman and Native in the Low Countries,
BAR 184
(1983), pp. 43–69.

27

On date of release see P. Wiseman, ‘The Publication of the
De Bello Gallico
’, in Welch & Powell (1998), pp. 1–9, esp. 5–6; on the elk see Caesar,
BG
6. 27. 28

The main accounts of Carrhae are Plutarch,
Crassus
17–33 and Dio 40. 12–30. XV The Man and the Hour: Vercingetorix and the Great

Revolt, 52 BC

1

Caesar,
BG
7. 1.

2

For a classic study of fighting ‘colonial’ wars between a regular army on one side and irregular forces on the other see C. Calwell,
Small Wars
(1906); a readily accessible introduction to the topic is D. Porch,
Wars of Empire
(2000). 3

On elevation of Commius see Caesar,
BG
7. 76.

4

For reaction to death of Acco see Caesar,
BG,
7. 1–2; importance of a retinue,
BG

1. 18, 6. 15; annual meeting of druids in land of Carnutes,
BG
6. 13; for Caesar’s attitude to the Gauls see J. Barlow, ‘Noble Gauls and their other,’ and L. Rawlings, ‘Caesar’s Portrayal of the Gauls as Warriors,’ both in K. Welch & A. Powell (eds.),
Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter: the War Commentaries as Political
Instruments
(1998), pp. 139–170, and 171–192 respectively. 5

For the events of these months in Rome see M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), pp. 145–152, C. Meier,
Caesar
(1996), pp. 297–301, and R. Seager,
Pompey the Great
(2002), pp. 126–135; Cicero in Ravenna,
ad Att.
7. 1. 4; on the role of legates see K. Welch, ‘Caesar and his Officers in the Gallic War Commentaries’, in Welch & Powell (1998), pp. 85–103.

6

Caesar,
BG
7. 4; on friendly relations between Vercingetorix and Caesar see Dio 40. 41. 1, 3.

7

Caesar,
BG
7. 5; on rebellions see A. Goldsworthy,
The Roman Army at War, 100

BC–AD 200
(1996), pp. 79–95, esp. 90–95.

8

Caesar,
BG
7. 6–7; for 400 German cavalry see 7. 13. 9

Caesar,
BG
7. 7–9; Suetonius,
Caesar
58. 1 for story of dressing as a Gaul. 10

Caesar,
BG
7. 10; on initiative see Goldsworthy (1996), pp. 90–92, 94–95, 99–100, 114–115, and Calwell (1906), pp. 71–83.

11

Caesar,
BG
7. 11–13.

12

Caesar,
BG
7. 14.

13

Caesar,
BG
7. 14–15.

553

Notes

14

Caesar,
BG
7. 16–17; for the types of food eaten by Roman soldiers see R. Davies,

‘The Roman Military Diet’, in R. Davies,
Service in the Roman Army
(1989), pp. 187–206.

15

Caesar,
BG
7. 18–21; on the problems of supplying tribal armies see Goldsworthy (1996), pp. 56–60.

16

Caesar,
BG
7. 22–25; cf. Rawlings (1998), pp. 171–192. 17

Caesar,
BG
7. 28.

18

Caesar,
BG
7. 26–28; Polybius 10. 15. 4–6, cf. W. Harris,
War and Imperialism in
Republican Rome 327–70 BC
(1979), pp. 51–53.

19

Caesar,
BG
7. 32–34.

20

Caesar,
BG
7. 28–31, 35.

21

Caesar,
BG
7. 36.

22

Caesar,
BG
7. 37–41.

23

Caesar,
BG
7. 42–44.

24

Caesar,
BG
7. 45.

25

Caesar,
BG
7. 47.

26

Caesar,
BG
7. 50.

27

For the account of Gergovia see Caesar,
BG
7. 44–54, and see also the comments on the style of this passage in A. Powell, ‘Julius Caesar and the Presentation of Massacre’, in Welch & Powell, (1998), pp. 111–137, esp. 122–123; for ‘kicking the enemy in the stomach’ see Plutarch,
Lucullus
9. 1. 28

Caesar,
BG
7. 55–56, 63–67; for Labienus’ operations see 7. 57–62. 29

Caesar,
BG
7. 68–69; on this campaign see J. Harmand,
Une Campagne
Césarienne: Alésia
(1967), J. Le Gall,
La Bataille D’Alésia
(2000), and H. Delbrück,
History of the Art of War,
Volume 1:
Warfare in Antiquity
(1975), pp. 495–507, mentioning Napoleon’s comments on p. 501.

30

Caesar,
BG
7. 69, 72–73, and comments in Le Gall (2000), pp. 64–77. 31

Caesar,
BG
7. 70–71, 75–78; for a discussion of the size of the relief army see Le Gall (2000), pp. 82–84.

32

Caesar,
BG
7. 79–81.

33

Caesar,
BG
7. 88.

34

For the account of the final battle see Caesar,
BG
7. 82–88. 35

Caesar,
BG
7. 89, Plutarch,
Caesar
27. 5, Dio 40. 41. 1–3. 36

Caesar,
BG
7. 89–90.

XVI ‘All Gaul is Conquered’

1

Cicero. a
d Fam.
8. 1. 4

2

Suetonius,
Caesar
56. 5, Cicero,
Brutus
252–255, a
d Quintum Fratrem
2. 16. 5, 3. 9. 6–7.

3

On the opening of Pompey’s theatre see Dio 39. 38. 1–6, Pliny,
NH
7. 34, 8. 21–22, Plutarch,
Pompey
52–53. 1; for criticism of Pompey see Cicero,
de Officiis
2. 60, and of others, Tacitus,
Annals
14. 20; the number of elephants was variously reported as seventeen, eighteen and twenty.

4

Cicero,
ad Att.
4. 17. 7, Suetonius,
Caesar
26. 2, Pliny,
NH
36. 103; for gladiators in school at Capua see Caesar,
BC
1. 14, and on the importance of games see Z. 554

Notes

Yavetz,
Julius Caesar and His Public Image
(1983), pp. 165–168. 5

See Dio 40. 48. 1–52. 4, Plutarch,
Pompey
54–55, and also R. Seager,
Pompey the
Great
(2002), pp. 130–135, M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), pp. 148–152. 6

Plutarch,
Cicero
35, Dio 40. 54. 1–4, E. Gruen,
The Last Generation of the
Roman Republic
(1974), pp. 338–342.

7

Seager (2002), pp. 137–139, Gruen (1974), pp. 150–159.

8

Plutarch,
Pompey
55. 1–2,
Cato the Younger
49–50, Dio 40. 56. 3–58. 4, Suetonius,
Caesar
28. 3; Seager (2002), pp. 131–132, Gruen (1974), pp. 154, 454. 9

Caesar,
BC
1. 32, Suetonius,
Caesar
26. 1, Appian,
BC
2. 25, Dio 40. 51. 2, and Gelzer (1968), pp. 146–148, Seager (2002), pp. 137–139.

10

Caesar,
BG
8. 1–5.

11

For the campaign against the Bellovaci see Caesar,
BG
8. 6–23; Commius, 8. 23, 47–48; Ambiorix, 8. 25.

12

Caesar,
BG
8. 49.

13

On Uxellodunum see Caesar,
BG
8. 26–44, and comments on executions in A. Powell, ‘Julius Caesar and the Presentation of Massacre’, in K. Welch & A. Powell (eds.),
Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter: The War Commentaries as
Political Instruments
(1998), pp. 111–137, esp. 129–132; Carnutes, 8. 38; for rebellion of Bellovaci in 46 BC see Livy
Pers.
114. 14

On casualties see Plutarch,
Caesar
15, Pliny,
NH
7. 92, Velleius Paterculus 2. 47. 1, and see comments in C. Goudineau,
César et la Gaule
(1995), pp. 308–311. 15

For a discussion of Caesar as a general see A. Goldsworthy, ‘Instinctive Genius: The depiction of Caesar the General’, in K. Welch & A. Powell (1998), pp. 193–219.

XVII The Road to the Rubicon

1

Suetonius,
Caesar
31. 2.

2

Cicero,
ad Att.
7. 3.

3

On the struggle to get the ten tribunes to pass the law see Cicero,
ad Fam.
6. 6. 5, and
ad Att.
7. 3. 4, 8. 3. 3.

4

On Caesar’s alleged ambition see Suetonius,
Caesar
9, Plutarch,
Caesar
4, 6, 28, Cicero,
Philippics
5. 49.

5

For Cato and Pompey see Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
48. 1–2,
Pompey
54; Cato and Milo see Asconius on Cicero,
pro Milonem
95, pp. 53–54, Velleius Paterculus 2. 47. 4, Cicero,
ad Fam.
15. 4. 12.

6

Suetonius,
Caesar
28. 2–3, Appian,
BC
2. 25, Dio 40. 59. 1–4; on debate over the legion see Cicero,
ad Fam.
8. 4. 4; for the debate on 29 September see 8. 8. 4–9; for a general discussion see M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), pp. 175–178, R. Seager,
Pompey the Great
(2002), pp. 140–143, J. Leach,
Pompey
(1978), pp. 150–172, esp. 161.

7

For the flogging of the magistrate see Suetonius,
Caesar
28. 3, Appian,
BC
2. 26, Plutarch,
Caesar
29, Cicero,
ad Att.
5. 11. 2; see Caelius’ quote from Cicero,
ad
Fam.
8. 8. 9.