Caesar. Life of a Colossus (Adrian Goldsworthy) Yale University Press (95 page)

535

Notes

II Caesar’s childhood

1

Velleius Paterculus 2. 41. 1.

2

Suetonius,
Caesar
1. 3.

3

For a general survey of the significance of Roman names see B. Salway, ‘What’s in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from 700 BC – AD 700’,
JRS
84

(1994), pp. 124–145, esp. 124–131.

4

For stories about the origin of the name see
Historia Augusta
,
Aelius Verus
2; for a discussion of Caesar’s family see M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), p. 19, C. Meier,
Caesar
(1996), pp. 51–55, and E. Gruen,
The Last Generation of the Roman
Republic
(1974), pp. 75–76.

5

Suetonius
Caesar
6. 1; for uncertainty over Aeneas and his son see Livy 1. 3. 6

Plutarch,
Tiberius Gracchus
1.

7

Historia Augusta
,
Aelius Verus
2.

8

B. Rawson,
Children and Childhood in Roman Italy
(2003), esp. pp. 99–113; on the ancients’ knowledge of Caesarean section see p. 99 with references. See also the collection of papers in B. Rawson (ed.),
Marriage, Divorce and Children in
Ancient Rome
(1991).

9

Plutarch,
Cato the Elder
20. 3. For a more detailed discussion of this topic see K. Bradley, ‘Wet-nursing at Rome: A Study in Social Relations’, in B. Rawson,
The
Family in Ancient Rome
(1986), pp. 201–229.

10

Tacitus,
Dialogues
28. 6 (Loeb translation by Sir W. Peterson, revised M. Winterbottom (1970), p. 307).

11

Plutarch,
Coriolanus
33–36, Livy 2. 40.

12

See H. Marrou,
A History of Education in Antiquity
(1956), pp. 229–291, A. Gwynn,
Roman Education: From Cicero to Guintilian
(1926), esp. 1–32; Cicero,
de Re Publica
4. 3.

13

Cicero,
Orator
120.

14

There is a useful discussion of the client system in R. Saller,
Personal Patronage in
the Early Empire
(1982); for boys accompanying fathers as they went about their business see Gellius,
NA
1. 23. 4, Pliny,
Epistulae
8. 14. 4–5, and on importance of father’s influence from the age of seven see Quintilian 2. 2. 4, and comments in Marrou (1956), pp. 231–233.

15

Rawson (2003), pp. 153–157; Suetonius,
Grammaticis et rhetoribus
7 for Gnipho; Suetonius
Caesar
56. 7 for Caesar’s early works.

16

Cicero,
Brutus
305, Suetonius,
Caesar
55. 2. 17

Plutarch,
Caesar
17, Suetonius,
Caesar
57, 61. 18

Plutarch,
Marius
30, 32.

19

On the question of the allies see E. Gabba,
The Roman Republic, the Army and
the Allies
(trans. P. Cuff) (1976), P. Brunt,
Social Conflicts in the Roman Republic
(1971), pp. 101–104, A. Sherwin-White,
The Roman Citizenship
(1973), pp. 119–149.

20

The fullest ancient account of the war is Appian,
BC
1. 34–53, but see also Velleius Paterculus 2. 13. 117. 3; for a modern survey see E. Gabba, ‘Rome and Italy: The Social War’, in
CAH2
(1994), pp. 104–128. 21

Appian,
BC
1. 4046, Plutarch,
Marius
33,
Sulla
6. 22

For Sulla’s career see A. Keaveney,
Sulla: The Last Republican
(1982), 1–63. 536

Notes

23

Plutarch,
Marius
34–35,
Sulla
7–8, Appian
BC
1. 55–57, and Keaveney (1982), pp. 56–77.

24

Plutarch,
Sulla
9–10,
Marius
35–40, Appian,
BC
1. 57–59. 25

Appian,
BC
1. 63–75; Plutarch,
Marius
41–46,
Sulla
22,
Pompey
3, Velleius Paterculus 2. 20. 1–23.3, and also R. Seager,
Pompey
(2002), pp. 25–29. III The First Dictator

1

Plutarch,
Sulla
31 (translation by R. Waterfield in
Plutarch: Roman Lives
(1999), p. 210).

2

For the importance of the Liberalia festival see Ovid,
Fasti
3. 771–788; on the sacrifice to Iuventus see Dionysius of Halicarnassus 4. 15. 5; on the ceremonies associated with adopting the
toga virilis
in general see B. Rawson,
Children and
Childhood in Roman Italy
(2003), pp. 142–144.

3

Suetonius,
Caesar
1.1; for the sudden death of Caesar’s father see Pliny,
Natural
History
7. 181; on assuming the
toga virilis
see H. Marrou,
A History of
Education in Antiquity
(1956), p. 233, A. Gwynn,
Roman Education: From
Cicero to Quintilian
(1926), 16, and B. Rawson, ‘The Roman Family’, in B. Rawson (ed.),
The Family in Ancient Rome
(1986), pp. 1–57, 41. 4

For restrictions on the
Flamen Dialis
see Gellius,
NA
10. 15. 5

Velleius Paterculus, 2. 22. 2, Appian,
BC
1. 74. On Merula and Caesar’s nomination for the flaminate see L. Ross Taylor, ‘Caesar’s Early Career’, in
Classical Philology
36 (1941), pp. 113–132, esp. pp. 114–116. 6

For
confarreatio
see S. Treggiari,
Roman Marriage: Iusti Coniuges from the Time
of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian
(1991), 21–24; on the name and connection with
far
see
Gaius
1. 112, Pliny,
NH
18. 10, Festus 78L; for the rituals see Servius,
Ad
G.
1. 31.

7

Velleius Paterculus 2. 22. 2 claims that Caesar was made
Flamen Dialis
, but Suetonius explicitly says that he was only ‘nominated’ (
destinatus
), Suetonius,
Caesar
1. 1. See M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), pp. 19–21, and Taylor (1941), pp. 115–116. Tacitus,
Annals
3. 58 and Dio 54. 36. 1 both state expressly that Merula was the last
Flamen Dialis
.

8

For a useful discussion of these years see
CAH2
IX (1994), pp. 173–187; on the behaviour of Cicero and his mentors during these years see T. Mitchell,
Cicero:
The Ascending Years
(1979), pp. 81–92.

9

Appian,
BC
1. 76–77.

10

Plutarch,
Sulla
2 for his appearance, failure to win the praetorship 5, and for the epitaph 38; in general see A. Keaveney,
Sulla: The Last Republican
(1982). For the single testicle see Arrius Menander Bk. 1
On Military Affairs
. Keaveney (1982), p. 11 argues that the story was probably derived from a bawdy song invented by his soldiers.

11

On Sulla’s good fortune see Keaveney (1982), pp. 40–41.

12

Appian,
BC
1. 78–80, Plutarch,
Pompey
5. 13

For the Civil War see Keaveney (1982), pp. 129–147.

14

Plutarch,
Sulla
27–32, Appian,
BC
1. 81–96. 15

Plutarch,
Sulla
31.

537

inde x

16

On the proscriptions see Keaveney (1982), pp. 148–168, Appian,
BC
1. 95, Velleius Paterculus 2. 28. 3–4, and Plutarch,
Sulla
31, which includes the anecdote about the Alban estate.

17

Keaveney (1982), pp. 160–203. For the execution of Ofella see Plutarch,
Sulla
33. 18

Taylor (1941), p. 116.

19

See Suetonius,
Caesar
1. 1–3, Plutarch,
Caesar
1, and also L. Ross Taylor, ‘The Rise of Julius Caesar’,
Greece and Rome
4 (1957), pp. 10–18, esp. 11–12, and Taylor (1941), p. 116.

20

Suetonius,
Caesar
74.

21

Suetonius,
Caesar
1.

22

Plutarch,
Sulla
1. 104, Suetonius,
Caesar
77. 23

Keaveney (1982), pp. 204–213.

IV The Young Caesar

1

Cicero,
Brutus
290 (Loeb translation by G. Hendrickson (1939), p. 253). 2

For Suetonius’ description of Caesar see
Caesar
45. 1; Plutarch’s comments are in
Caesar
17; Caesar’s peculiar dress and Sulla’s comments are in Suetonius,
Caesar
45. 3.

3

Suetonius,
Caesar
45. 2.

4

For Cicero’s house see Velleius Paterculus 2. 14, and E. Rawson, ‘The Ciceronian Aristocracy and its properties’, in M. I. Finley (ed.),
Studies in Roman Property
(1976), pp. 85–102, esp. 86; for the synagogue in the Subura, see
Corpus
Inscriptionum Judaicarum
2. 380.

5

Velleius Paterculus 2. 14. 3.

6

Suetonius,
Caesar
46–47.

7

Suetonius,
Caesar
2.

8

See L. Ross Taylor, ‘The rise of Julius Caesar’,
Greece and Rome
4 (1957), pp. 10–18, and M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), p. 22. On the
corona civica
see Gellius,
NA
5. 6. 13–14, Pliny,
NH
16. 12–13, and discussion in V. Maxfield,
The Military
Decorations of the Roman Army
(1981), pp.70–74, 119–120. 9

Suetonius,
Caesar
2 and 49. 1–4, 52. 3.

10

Plutarch,
Marius
13–14, Polybius 6. 37; on Cato as censor see Plutarch,
Cato the
Elder
17.

11

Suetonius,
Caesar
22 and 49. 1–4.

12

For Caesar’s public oath see Dio 43. 20. 4; Catullus 54, cf. Suetonius,
Caesar
73. 13

For Cato see Plutarch,
Cato the Elder
24; Plutarch,
Crassus
5; for the Germans see Caesar,
BG
6. 21. For a survey of Roman attitudes see P. Grimal,
Love in Ancient
Rome
(trans. A. Train) (1986).

14

Suetonius,
Caesar
3.

15

Catullus 10; Cicero,
Verr.
1. 40.

16

Cicero,
Brutus
317.

17

See Suetonius,
Caesar
4. 1, 55, Velleius Paterculus 2. 93. 3, and Gelzer (1968), pp. 22–3; on provincial administration in general see A. Lintott’s
Imperium
Romanum: Politics and Administration
(1993); for Caesar’s high-pitched delivery see Suetonius,
Caesar
55. 2.

538

Notes

18

Plutarch,
Caesar
4.

19

Cicero,
Brutus
316.

20

For the pirate problem see Appian,
Mithridatic Wars
91–93, Plutarch,
Pompey
24–5; on Caesar’s captivity see Suetonius,
Caesar
4. 2, Plutarch,
Caesar
2. 21

Plutarch,
Caesar
2 (Loeb translation by B. Perrin (1919), p. 445, slightly amended). 22

For the pirates’ throats being cut see Suetonius,
Caesar
74. 23

Suetonius,
Caesar
4. 2.

24

L. Ross Taylor, ‘Caesar’s Early Career’,
Classical Philology
36 (1941), pp. 113–132, esp. p.117–118.

25

For the journey back to Rome see Velleius Paterculus 2. 93. 2; for the trial see E. Gruen,
The Last Generation of the Roman Republic
(1974), p. 528; for Cicero’s comment see Suetonius,
Caesar
49. 3.

26

Taylor (1941), pp. 120-122; for the Slave War see Plutarch,
Crassus
8-11, Appian,
BC
1. 116-121.

27

For Crassus and Sulla see Plutarch,
Crassus
6.

28

Suetonius,
Caesar
5.

V Candidate

1

Plutarch,
Caesar
5.

2

For the birth of Julia see M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), p. 21, C. Meier,
Caesar
(1996), p. 105, and P. Grimal,
Love in Ancient Rome
(1986), p. 222. 3

Grimal (1986), pp. 112–115.

4

For the story of Praecia and Lucullus see Plutarch,
Lucullus
6. 2–4; on Cethegus’

influence see Cicero,
Brutus
178; for the story of Pompey, Geminius and Flora see Plutarch,
Pompey
2.

5

For Cytheris see Cicero,
ad Fam.
9. 26; Cicero
ad Att.
10. 10; Servius, on E10;
de
vir. Ill.
82. 2. Cicero’s distaste became public in the
Philippics
2. 58, 69, 77. 6

Suetonius,
Caesar
47, 50. 1–52.

7

Suetonius,
Caesar
50. 2, Plutarch,
Caesar
46, 62,
Brutus
5, Cicero,
ad Att.
15. 11; see also R. Syme,
The Roman Revolution
(1939), pp. 23–24, 116; on Lucullus’

divorce of Servilia’s sister Servilia see Plutarch,
Lucullus
38. 8

Grimal (1986), pp. 226–237, S. Treggiari,
Roman Marriage
(1991), esp. pp. 105–106, 232–238, 253–261, 264, 270–275, and 299–319.

9

Sallust,
Bell Cat.
25.

10

Plutarch,
Pompey
55 (translation by R. Waterfield in
Plutarch: Roman Lives
(1999), p. 273).

11

For a survey of Sertorius’ career see A. Goldsworthy,
In the Name of Rome
(2003), pp. 137–151.

12

For Sulla’s legislation see A. Keaveney,
Sulla: The Last Republican
(1982), pp.169–189.

13

For the ‘young executioner’ see Valerius Maximus 6. 2. 8; for the killing of Brutus’ father see Plutarch,
Brutus
4; for Pompey’s early career see R. Seager,
Pompey the Great
(2002), pp. 20–39.

14

On the impact of military failure on a man’s career see N. Rosenstein,
Imperatores Victi
(1993),
passim
.

539

Notes