Caesar. Life of a Colossus (Adrian Goldsworthy) Yale University Press (97 page)

9

Dio 37. 49. 1–4, Plutarch,
Pompey
44,
Cato the Younger
30. 5, Cicero,
ad Att.
1. 18, 19.

10

Cicero,
ad Att.
2. 1.

11

Horace,
Odes
2. 1. 1; for a perceptive overview of these years see P. Wiseman,

‘The Senate and the
Populares
, 69–60 BC’, in
CAH
2 IX (1994), pp. 327–367, esp. pp. 358–367.

12

Cicero,
ad Att.
2. 1, and 1. 17 for December 61 talk of alliance between Caesar and Lucceius. See M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), p. 60, fn. 1, plausibly interpreting Suetonius’ words literally to indicate that Caesar divorced Pompeia by letter. 13

Appian,
BC
2. 8, Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
31. 2–3, Dio 37. 54. 1–2. 543

Notes

14

Suetonius,
Caesar
19. 2; for the suggestion that this was a means of keeping the consuls in reserve see Seager (2002), p. 84; on personal hatreds and enemies see D. Epstein,
Personal Enmity in Roman Politics 218–43 BC
(1978). 15

See L. Ross Taylor,
Roman Voting Assemblies:From the Hannibalic War to the
Dictatorship of Caesar
(1966), esp. pp. 84–106.

16

See Taylor (1966), pp. 54–55, H. Mouritsen,
Plebs and Party Politics in the Late
Roman Republic
(2001), pp. 27–32; on the population of Rome at this time see N. Purcell, ‘The City of Rome and the
plebs urbana
in the Late Republic’, in
CAH
2

IX (1994), pp.644–688.

17

Suetonius,
Caesar
19. 1; Cicero,
ad Att.
1. 1; on the importance of the Italian vote see L. Ross Taylor,
Party Politics in the Age of Caesar
(1949), pp. 57–59. 18

Cicero,
ad Att.
2. 3.

19

Suetonius,
Caesar
19.

20

Suetonius,
Caesar
19. 2, Dio 37. 56–58, Appian,
BC
2. 9; see also Seager (2002), pp. 82–85, Ward (1977), pp. 210–216, Gelzer (1968), pp. 67–69, C. Meier,
Caesar
(1996), pp. 182–189.

21

Plutarch,
Caesar
13,
Pompey
47; on oaths see Livy,
Pers.
103, Appian,
BC
2. 9, and Pliny,
Epistulae
10. 96; for a case of two enemies each canvassing for the same candidate see Cicero,
ad Att.
2. 1.

22

Suetonius,
Caesar
20. 1, cf. Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
23. 3. 23

Dio 38. 1. 1–7, Suetonius,
Caesar
20. 1; on the chronology of this year see L. Ross Taylor, ‘The Dating of Major Legislation and Elections in Caesar’s First Consulship’,
Historia
17 (1968), pp. 173–193; see also Gelzer (1968), pp. 71–74, Meier (1996), pp. 207–213, Seager (2002), pp. 86–87; on the five ‘inner’

commissioners see Cicero,
ad Att.
2. 7.

24

Dio 38. 2. 1–3. 3 Suetonius,
Caesar
20. 4 gives a slightly different version apparently dating Cato’s arrest to later in the year. Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
33. 1–2 also places this incident later; on Petreius’ military experience see Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
59. 6.

25

Dio 38. 4. 1–3.

26

Dio 38. 4. 4–5. 5, Plutarch,
Pompey
47; for the date of the vote see Taylor (1968), pp. 179–181.

27

Dio 38. 6. 1–3, Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
32. 2; see Taylor (1969), p. 179 on Bibulus’ intentions.

28

Dio 38. 6. 4–7. 2 , Appian,
BC
2. 11, Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
32. 2–6, Suetonius,
Caesar
20. 1.

29

Suetonius,
Caesar
20. 2, Dio 38. 8. 2; see also Taylor (1968), pp. 177–179. 30

Suetonius,
Caesar
20. 3–4, 54. 3, Dio 38. 7. 4–6, Cicero,
In Vatinium
29, 38; see Gelzer (1968), pp. 75–6, Seager (2002), p. 88; for some sense of Vatinius’ character see his letters to Cicero,
ad Fam.
5. 9, 10 and 10A; on Caesar’s law regulating governors see T. Rice Holmes,
The Roman Republic,
1 (1928), p. 319, and Cicero,
pro Sestio
64, 135,
In Pisonem
16, 37,
In Vatinium
12, 29,
ad Att.
5. 10. 2. 31

Suetonius,
Caesar
21, 50. 1–2, and on his fondness for pearls 47, Plutarch,
Pompey
47–48,
Caesar
14, Dio 38. 9. 1.

32

Dio 38. 7. 3, Suetonius,
Caesar
20. 3, Cicero,
ad Att.
2. 15, 16, 17 and 18. 33

Dio 38. 12. 1–3, Cicero,
de Domo
41,
ad Att.
8. 3,
de provinciis consularibus
42, Suetonius,
Caesar
20. 4, Plutarch,
Caesar
14; see also Gelzer (1968), pp. 76–78. 544

Notes

34

Cicero,
ad Att.
2. 9.

35

Cicero,
ad Att.
2. 16 and 17; on C. Cato see
ad Quintum Fratrem
1. 2. 5. 36

Cicero,
ad Att.
2. 19.

37

Cicero,
ad Att.
2. 21, 22 and 23.

38

Cicero,
ad Att
. 2. 24.

39

Cicero,
ad Att
. 2. 24,
In Vatinium
24–26,
pro Sestio
132, Dio 38. 9. 2–10. 1, Suetonius,
Caesar
20. 5, Appian,
BC
2. 12–13, Plutarch,
Lucullus
42. 7–8; for Caesar as the prime mover behind these events see Rice Holmes (1928), pp. 323–324 and Gelzer (1968), pp. 90–92, Meier (1996), p. 221; for Clodius see Seager (2002), pp. 98–99; for Pompey’s involvement see Ward (1977), pp. 236–241, Gruen,
The Last Generation of the Roman Republic
(1974), pp. 95–96; for a more complex interpretation and the suggestion that there may actually have been a plot see D. Stockton,
Cicero
(1971), pp. 183–186.

40

Suetonius,
Caesar
23, 73,
Scholia Bobiensia
on Cicero,
pro Sestio
40 and
In
Vatinium
15.

41

Suetonius,
Caesar
22. 2 (Loeb translation); on Cicero’s fears of civil war see
ad
Att.
2. 20, 21 and 22.

IX Gaul

1

Pliny,
NH
7. 92.

2

Hirtius from his preface to
BG
8.

3

Pliny,
NH
7. 92, Appian,
BC
2. 150.

4

For Theophanes see Cicero,
pro Archia
24; for Caesar’s earlier works see Suetonius,
Caesar
56. 5–7; for the
Commentaries
in general see the collection of papers in K. Welch & A. Powell (eds.),
Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter:The War
Commentaries as Political Instruments
(1998).

5

Cicero,
Brutus
262.

6

‘An orator should avoid a . . .’, see Gellius,
NA
1. 10. 4; see also L. Hall, ‘Ratio and Romanitas in the Bellum Gallicum’, in Welch & Powell (1998), pp. 11–43, esp. p. 23.

7

For the dating of the
Commentaries
see M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), pp. 170–172, C. Meier,
Caesar
(1996), pp. 254–264; for the arguments in favour of annual publication see Welch & Powell (1998), and especially the article by P. Wiseman,

‘The Publication of the
De Bello Gallico
’, pp. 1–9, and also T. Rice Holmes,
Caesar’s Conquest of Gaul
(1911), pp. 202–209 see also Hirtius,
BG
8 preface and Suetonius,
Caesar
56. 3–4.

8

Cicero,
de Finibus
5. 52; see also Wiseman (1998), esp. pp. 4–7. 9

Suetonius,
Caesar
56. 4.

10

Cicero,
de provinciis consularibus
3. 5,
ad Quintum Fratrem
2. 14–16, 3. 1–9. 11

On Labienus see R. Syme, ‘The Allegiance of Labienus’,
JRS
28 (1938), pp. 113–128, esp. p. 120 and W. Tyrrell, ‘Labienus’ Departure from Caesar in January 49 BC’,
Historia
21 (1972), pp. 424–440.

12

On Cotta’s book see Cicero,
ad Att.
13. 44. 3, cf. Athenaeus 273b and Hall, (1998), pp. 11–43, esp. p. 25; on the identity of Caesar’s legates see Broughton,
MRR
2, pp. 197–199.

545

Notes

13

Caesar,
BG
1. 39; Cicero,
ad Att.
2. 18. 3, 19. 5,
de provinciis consularibus
41; E. Gruen,
The Last Generation of the Roman Republic
(1974), pp. 112–116. 14

For Caesar’s legions see H. Parker,
The Roman Legions
(1957), pp. 47–71, esp. 55–56. On the army in this period see F. Adcock,
The Roman Art of War under
the Republic
(1940), P. Brunt,
Italian Manpower, 225 BC – AD 14
(1971), P. Connolly,
Greece and Rome at War
(1981), M. Feugère (ed.),
L’Équipment
Militaire et L’Armement de la République. JRMES
8 (1997), E. Gabba,
The
Roman Republic, the Army and the Allies
(1976), L. Keppie,
The Making of the
Roman Army
(1984), Y. Le Bohec,
The Imperial Roman Army
(1994), J. Harmand,
L’armée et le soldat à Rome de 107 à 50 avant nôtre ère
(1967). 15

For an introduction to this question with further references see A. Goldsworthy.
The Roman Army at War, 100 BC – AD 200
(1996), pp. 31–32. 16

For equipment see Goldsworthy (1996), pp. 83–84, 209–219, M. Bishop & J. Coulston,
Roman Military Equipment
(1993), Connolly, (1981), and Feugère, (1997).

17

See D. Saddington,
The Development of the Roman Auxiliary Forces from
Caesar to Vespasian
(1982); Caesar,
BC
1. 39 for numbers of auxiliary cavalry and infantry.

18

For a discussion of this see C. Goudineau,
César et la Gaule
(1995), pp. 130–148.
19

Caesar,
BG
1. 1, 6. 11–20; for a good survey of Gallic society see N. Roymans,
Tribal Societies in Northern Gaul: An Anthropological Perspective, Cingula
12

(1990), esp. pp. 17–47, and B. Cunliffe,
Greeks, Romans and Barbarians: Spheres
of Interaction
(1988), esp. pp. 38–58 and 80–105.

20

See M. Todd,
The Northern Barbarians
(1987), pp. 11–13,
The Early Germans
(1992), pp. 8–13, C. M. Wells,
The German Policy of Augustus
(1972), pp. 14–31, and most recently the useful survey in P. Wells,
The Barbarians Speak: How the
Conquered Peoples Shaped the Roman Empire
(1999).

21

For Domitius Ahenobarbus see Suetonius,
Nero
2; on exchanging a slave for an amphora see Diodorus Siculus 5. 26. 3–4; on the relations between Gauls and Romans and the history of Transalpine Gaul see S. Dyson,
The Creation of the
Roman Frontier
(1985), pp.126–173; on the wine trade see Cunliffe (1988), 59–105, esp. p. 74, and Roymans (1990), pp. 147–167 and A. Tchernia, ‘Italian Wine in Gaul at the End of the Republic’, in P. Garnsey, K. Hopkins & C. Whittaker (eds.),
Trade in the Ancient Economy
(1983), pp. 87–104. 22

Wells (1999), pp.49–78, Cunliffe (1988), pp. 48–49, 86–87, 96–97, 132–134, Dyson (1985), pp. 137–139, 154, and C. Goudineau (1995), pp. 141–143.
23

On human sacrifice at Rome see Pliny,
NH
30. 12–13; on head-hunting see Polybius 3. 67, Livy 10. 26, 23. 24, Diodorus Siculus 5. 29. 2–5, M. Green,
Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend
(1992), pp. 116–118; on human sacrifice in Germany see Todd (1992), pp. 112–115.

24

Strabo,
Geog.
4. 4. 5 (Loeb translation by H. Jones (1923), p. 247). 25

Caesar,
BG
6. 15, cf. Strabo,
Geog.
4. 4. 2; on Ribemont-sur-Ancre see T. Derks,
Gods, Temples and Ritual Practices: The Transformation of Religious Ideas and
Values in Roman Gaul
(1998), p. 48, 234–5.

26

Caesar,
BG
1. 18, 31–33; see also Dyson (1985), pp. 169–170, Cunliffe (1988), p. 94, 118.

546

Notes

27

For a more detailed discussion of Gallic armies see Goldsworthy (1996), pp. 53–60.

28

Dyson (1985), pp. 168–171; Caesar,
BG
1. 36, 40, 44, Cicero,
ad Att.
1. 19, 20. X Migrants and Mercenaries: The first campaigns, 58 BC

1

Cicero,
ad Att.
1. 19.

2

Caesar,
BG
1. 6–7, Plutarch,
Caesar
17.

3

Caesar,
BG
1. 2.

4

Caesar,
BG
1. 2–3, 18, cf. C. Goudineau,
César et la Gaule
(1995), 136–137. 5

Caesar,
BG
1. 4, Pliny,
NH
2. 170 records the meeting between Roman ambassadors and a Suebian king, who was probably Ariovistus; see also S. Dyson,
The Creation of the Roman Frontier
(1985), pp. 169–170. 172, B. Cunliffe,
Greeks, Romans and Barbarians: Spheres of Interaction
(1988), pp. 114–117.

6

For a discussion see T. Rice Holmes,
Caesar’s Conquest of Gaul
(1911) pp. 218–224, and H. Delbrück,
History of the Art of War,
Volume 1:
Warfare in
Antiquity
(1975), pp. 459–478.

7

Caesar,
BG
6. 11; on the desire for allied tribes around provincial frontiers see Dyson (1985), pp. 170–173.

8

Caesar,
BG
1. 5–6; for the focus on the Balkans, see Goudineau (1995), pp. 130–148; for Helvetii’s numbers and size of columns see Holmes (1911), pp. 239–240, Delbrück (1975), pp. 460–463.

9

Caesar,
BG
1. 7–8, cf Appian,
Mithridatic Wars
99, Plutarch,
Crassus
10. 10

Caesar,
BG
1. 8.

11

Caesar,
BG
1. 10.

12

Caesar,
BG
1. 10–11, Cicero,
de provinciis consularibus
28, Suetonius,
Caesar
24; L. Keppie,
The Making of the Roman Army
(1984), p. 98. 13