Caesar. Life of a Colossus (Adrian Goldsworthy) Yale University Press (100 page)

8

Discussions of the terminal date of Caesar’s command see Seager (2002), pp. 191–193, T. Mitchell,
Cicero: The Senior Statesman
(1991), pp. 237–239, P. Cuff, 555

Notes

‘The Terminal Date of Caesar’s Gallic Command’,
Historia
7 (1958), pp. 445–471, D. Stockton, ‘
Quis iustius induit arma
’,
Historia
24 (1975), pp. 222–259, and in general E. Gruen,
The Last Generation of the Roman Republic
(1974), pp. 460–497.

9

Suetonius,
Caesar
30. 3; for a discussion of Pompey’s attitude see Seager (2002), pp. 138–147.

10

On buying Curio and Paullus see Suetonius,
Caesar
29. 1, Plutarch,
Caesar
29,
Pompey
58, Dio 40. 60. 2–3, Appian,
BC
2. 26, Valerius Maximus 9. 1. 6, Velleius Paterculus 2. 48. 4; on revolving theatres see Pliny,
NH
36. 177; on Caelius’ belief in Curio’s planned opposition to Caesar see Cicero,
ad Fam.
8. 8. 10, moderated at 8. 10. 4.

11

Quotation from Cicero,
ad Fam.
8. 11. 3; for the earlier debate see Velleius Paterculus 2. 48. 2–3, Plutarch,
Pompey
57,
Caesar
30,
Cato the Younger
51, and Dio 40. 62. 3; for discussion see Seager (2002), p. 144, and Gelzer (1968), pp. 178–181.

12

Quotation from Cicero,
ad Fam.
8. 14. 4; more generally see Cicero,
ad Fam.
8. 13. 2, 8. 14, Appian,
BC
2. 27–30, Plutarch,
Caesar
29, Dio 40. 60, 1–66. 5. 13

Appian,
BC
2. 28, with a slightly different version in Plutarch,
Pompey
58, cf. Dio 60. 64. 1–4; on Cicero’s attitude see Mitchell (1991), pp. 243–248. 14

Cicero,
ad Att.
7. 3. 4–5, 7. 4. 3, 7. 5. 5, 7. 6. 2, 7. 7. 5–6,
ad Fam.
8. 14. 3; Mitchell (1991) pp. 232–248.

15

For Caesar’s attitude see especially Suetonius,
Caesar
30. 2–5; on Gabinius see Seager (2002), pp. 128–130.

16

Lucan,
Pharsalia
1. 25–26, and in general 1. 98–157; on censorship of Appius Claudius see Dio 40. 57. 2–3, 63. 2–64. 1.

17

Plutarch,
Antony
2–5.

18

For Hirtius see Cicero,
ad Att.
7. 4; Plutarch,
Pompey
59, Caesar,
BG
8. 52. 3, Dio 40. 64. 3–4, Appian,
BC
2. 31.

19

Caesar,
BC
1. 1–5, Plutarch,
Pompey
59,
Caesar
31, Suetonius,
Caesar
29. 2, Appian,
BC
2. 32; on Cicero’s involvement in negotiations see
ad Fam.
16. 11. 2,
ad Att.
8. 11d.

20

Caesar,
BC
1. 5, Dio 41. 1. 1–3. 4, Appian,
BC
2. 32–33, Cicero,
ad Att.
7. 8,
ad
Fam.
16. 11. 3; on Antony vomiting his words see
ad Fam.
12. 2. 21

Suetonius,
Caesar
31–32, Plutarch,
Caesar
32, Appian,
BC
2. 35. XVIII Blitzkrieg: Italy and Spain, Winter–Autumn, 49 BC

1

Cicero,
ad Att.
7. 11.

2

Cicero,
ad Att.
9. 7C.

3

Caesar,
BC
1. 7-8, Appian,
BC
2. 33, Suetonius,
Caesar
33, Dio 41. 4. 1; on the centurions recommended by Pompey see Suetonius,
Caesar
75. 1; on soldiers’ pay see Suetonius,
Caesar
26. 3, and discussion of pay in G. Watson,
The Roman
Soldier
(1969), pp. 89–92.

4

For Marcellus in R. Syme,
Roman Revolution
(1939), p. 62; Brutus see Plutarch,
Brutus
4.

556

Notes

5

See Caesar,
BG
8. 52, Cicero,
ad Att.
7. 7. 6, 7. 12. 5, 7. 13. 1,
ad Fam.
16. 12. 4, Dio 41. 4. 2–4, and R. Syme, ‘The Allegiance of Labienus,’
JRS
28 (1938), pp. 113-125, & W. Tyrell, ‘Labienus’ Departure from Caesar in January 49 BC’,
Historia
21 (1972), pp. 424–440.

6

Cicero,
ad Fam.
8. 14. 3.

7

Caesar,
BC
1. 6, Cicero,
ad Fam.
16. 12. 3. 8

Cicero,
ad Att.
7. 14.

9

Caesar,
BC
1. 8–11, Dio 41. 5. 1–10. 2, Appian,
BC
2. 36–37, Plutarch,
Caesar
33–34,
Pompey
60–61,
Cato the Younger
52. 10

Caesar,
BC
1. 12–15.

11

Caesar,
BC
1. 16–23 and quote from 1. 23, cf. Dio 41. 2–11. 3; for the letters between Domitius and Pompey see Cicero,
ad Att.
8. 11A, 12B, 12C, 12D. 12

Plutarch,
Pompey
57, 60.

13

Caesar,
BC
1. 24–29, Dio 41. 12. 1–3, Appian,
BC
2. 38–40; for surveys of the beginning of the Civil War see M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), pp. 192–204, C. Meier,
Caesar
(1996), pp. 364–387, and R. Seager,
Pompey the Great
(2002), pp. 152–161. 14

Caesar,
BC
1. 29–31, Cicero,
ad Att
. 7. 11. 3, 9. 1. 3, 11. 3, Appian,
BC
2. 37; Suetonius,
Caesar
34. 2 for the quote.

15

T. Mitchell,
Cicero: The Senior Statesman
(1991), pp.243–266. 16

Cicero,
ad Fam.
2. 15, 8. 11. 2,
ad Att.
7. 1. 7, 2. 5–7, 3. 5, cf. Mitchell (1991), pp. 235–236.

17

Cicero,
ad Att.
9. 6a; see also
ad Att.
8. 13, 9. 13. 4, 15. 3, 16. 1–2, 9. 1. 2, 5. 4, 8. 1. 18

Cicero,
ad Att.
9. 11a for Cicero’s letter of 19 March; 9. 16 for Caesar’s letter of 26 March; 9. 18 for the meeting.

19

Caesar,
BC
1. 32–33, Dio 41. 15. 1–16. 4.

20

Caesar,
BC
1. 32–33, Dio 41. 17. 1–3, Appian,
BC
2. 41, Plutarch,
Caesar
35, Pliny,
NH
33. 56, Orosius 6. 15. 5.

21

See, for example, Cicero,
ad Att
. 10. 4. 8,
ad Fam.
8. 16. 2–5. 22

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
59. 6, Pliny,
NH
22. 11; Caesar,
BC
1. 38–39. 23

Caesar,
BC
1. 37, 39, Dio 41. 19. 1–4, Velleius Paterculus 2. 50. 3, Cicero,
ad Att.
10. 8b.

24

For the quotation see Caesar,
BC
1. 39; more generally see 1. 37–40. 25

Caesar,
BC
1. 41–42.

26

Caesar,
BC
1. 44–48.

27

Caesar,
BC
1. 47–55, 59–61.

28

Caesar,
BC
1. 61–65.

29

Caesar,
BC
1. 66–76.

30

Caesar,
BC
1. 77–87, for the siege of Massilia see 1. 56–58, 2. 1–16, 22, Varro 2. 17–21.

XIX Macedonia, November 49–August 48 BC

1

Cicero,
ad Fam.
9. 9.

2

Caesar,
BC
3. 68.

3

Suetonius,
Caesar
56. 4, 72, Cicero,
ad Att.
9. 18; on the partisans of both sides see R. Syme,
The Roman Revolution
(1939), pp. 50–51, 61–77; for ‘what you need 557

Notes

is a civil war’ see Suetonius,
Caesar
27. 2; for the campaign in Sicily and Africa see Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
53. 1–3, Caesar,
BC
2. 23–44. 4

Appian,
BC
2. 47, Dio 41. 26. 1–35. 5, Suetonius,
Caesar
69. 5

Caesar,
BC
3. 3–4, Plutarch,
Pompey
63–64, Appian,
BC
2. 40, 49–52. 6

Cicero,
ad Att.
8. 11. 2, 9. 7, 9. 10. 2,10. 4, and for Cicero’s attitude see T. Michell,
Cicero: The Senior Statesman
(1991), pp. 252–266. 7

Cicero,
ad Att.
9. 9. 3, for Servilius see
CAH
2 IX, p. 431, Dio 41. 36. 1–38. 3, Caesar,
BC
3. 1–2, Plutarch,
Caesar
37, Appian,
BC
2. 48. 8

Caesar,
BC
3. 2–8, Dio 41. 39. 1–40. 2, 44. 1–4, Appian,
BC
2. 49–54, Plutarch,
Caesar
37.

9

Caesar,
BC
8–13, Appian,
BC
2. 55–56.

10

Caesar,
BC
3. 14; for death of Bibulus’ sons see
BC
3. 110 and Valerius Maximus 4. 1. 15; for Cicero’s attitude to the Pompeians see Cicero,
ad Fam.
7. 3. 2–3. 11

Caesar,
BC
3. 15–17, 17 for the quote; on the properties of ancient warships see the very useful summary in B. Rankov, ‘The Second Punic War at Sea’ in T. Cornell, B. Rankov, & P. Sabin,
The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal
(London, 1996), pp. 49–57, as well as more generally J. Morrison & J. Coates,
Greek and
Roman Oared Warships
(1996).

12

Caesar,
BC
3. 19 for the meeting, 3. 18 for Bibulus’ death and Pompey’s comment; for the attempt to cross to Brundisium see Appian,
BC
2. 50–59, Plutarch,
Caesar
65, Dio 41. 46. 1–4.

13

Caesar,
BC
3. 39–44, Dio 41. 47. 1–50. 4, Appian,
BC
2. 58–60. 14

Caesar,
BC
3. 45–49, Plutarch,
Caesar
39, Appian,
BC
2. 61. 15

Caesar,
BC
3. 50–53; for Scaeva see Suetonius,
Caesar
68. 3–4, Appian,
BC
2. 60, Dio mentions a Scaevius who served with Caesar in Spain in 61 BC, Dio 38. 53. 3, and for the
ala Scaevae CIL
10. 6011 and comments in J. Spaul,
ALA 2
(1994), pp. 20–21; on Sulla’s caution see A. Goldsworthy, ‘Instinctive Genius: The depiction of Caesar the General’, in K. Welch & A. Powell (eds.),
Julius Caesar as Artful
Reporter: The War Commentaries as Political Instruments
(1998), pp. 193–219, esp. p. 205.

16

Caesar,
BC
3. 54–58.

17

Caesar,
BC
3. 59–61.

18

Caesar,
BC
3. 61–65.

19

Caesar,
BC
3. 66–70, quote from 69, Plutarch,
Caesar
39, Appian,
BC
2. 62. 20

Caesar,
BC
3. 71–75, Appian,
BC
2. 63–64, Dio 41. 51. 1. 21

Caesar
BC
3. 77–81, Plutarch
Caesar
41, Appian,
BC
2. 63, Dio 41. 51. 4–5. 22

Caesar,
BC
3. 72, 82–83, Cicero,
ad Fam.
7. 3. 2; Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
55,
Pompey
40–41, Appian,
BC
2. 65–67, Dio 41. 52. 1; in general for Pompey’s strategy and attitude see R. Seager,
Pompey the Great
(2002), pp. 157–163, 166–167.

23

Caesar,
BC
3. 84–85, quotation from 85; Appian,
BC
2. 68–69, Plutarch,
Pompey
68,
Caesar
42, Dio 41. 52. 2–57. 4.

24

Caesar,
BC
3. 86–88, Appian,
BC
2. 70–71, 76, Frontinus,
Strategemata
2. 3. 22; for a discussion of formations in this period see A. Goldsworthy,
The Roman
Army at War 100 BC – AD 200
(1996), pp. 176–183.

25

Caesar,
BC
3. 89.

558

Notes

26

Caesar,
BC
3. 90–91, Dio 41. 58. 1–3, Appian,
BC
2. 77–78, Plutarch,
Pompey
71,
Caesar
44.

27

For the battle and losses see Caesar,
BC
3. 92–99, Appian,
BC
2. 78–82, Plutarch,
Caesar
42–47, and also Dio 41. 58. 1–63. 6 although he gives a vague, impressionistic account; Suetonius,
Caesar
30. 4. 28

Caesar,
BC
3. 102–104, Dio 42. 1. 1–5. 7, Plutarch,
Pompey
72–80, Appian,
BC
2. 83–86, Velleius Paterculus 2. 53. 3; and Seager (2002), pp. 167–168. XX Cleopatra, Egypt and the East, Autumn 48–Summer 47 BC

1

Suetonius,
Caesar
52. 1.

2

Dio 42. 34. 3–5 (Loeb translation by E. Cary (1916), p.169). 3

Caesar,
BC
3. 106, Plutarch,
Caesar
48,
Pompey
80, Dio 42. 6. 1–8. 3, Appian,
BC

2. 86, 88; see also M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), pp. 246–247, and C. Meier,
Caesar
(1996), p. 406.

4

Caesar,
BC
3. 106,
Alexandrian War
17, 29, and 69. 5

On the wealth of Egypt and the impression it made on the Romans see Diodorus Siculus 28 b.3; on Egypt in this period see S. Walker & P. Higgs (eds.),
Cleopatra
of Egypt: From History to Myth
(2001), especially the papers by A. Meadows,

‘The Sins of the Fathers: The Inheritance of Cleopatra, Last Queen of Egypt’, pp. 14–31, and J. Ray, ‘Alexandria’, pp. 32–37, and also S. Walker & S. Ashton,
Cleopatra Reassessed
(2003), esp. G. Grimm, ‘Alexandria in the Time of Cleopatra’, pp. 45–49.

6

See chapter 6; for Cleopatra’s possible visit to Italy see G. Gouldaux, ‘Cleopatra’s Subtle Religious Strategy’, in Walker & Higgs (2001), pp. 128–141, esp. 131–132. 7

On the history of the later Ptolemies see
CAH
2 IX, pp. 310–326, esp. 323; on the low level of the Nile see Pliny,
NH
5. 58; for the story of Cnaeus Pompeius see Plutarch,
Antony
25.

8

In general see M. Grant,
Cleopatra
(1972), and for a useful survey E. Rice,
Cleopatra
(1999); for her skill with languages see Plutarch,
Mark Antony
27; on her support for Egyptian cults see Goudchaux (2001), pp. 128–141, and Walker & Ashton (2003), esp. J. Ray, ‘Cleopatra in the Temples of Upper Egypt: The Evidence of Dendera and Armant’, pp. 9–11, and S. Ashton, ‘Cleopatra: Goddess, Ruler or Regent’, pp. 25–30, D. Thompson, ‘Cleopatra VII: The Queen of Egypt,’

pp. 31–34.

9

On her appearance see Plutarch,
Mark Antony
27, Dio 42. 34. 3–5, and also Grant (1972), pp. 65–67, Rice (1999), pp. 95–102, Walker & Higgs (2001), esp. S. Walker, ‘Cleopatra’s Images: Reflections of Reality’, pp. 142–147, G. Goudchaux,