Caesar. Life of a Colossus (Adrian Goldsworthy) Yale University Press (101 page)

‘Was Cleopatra Beautiful? The Conflicting Answers of Numismatics’, pp. 210–214, and also in Walker & Ashton (2003), esp. S. Walker, ‘Cleopatra VII at the Louvre’, pp. 71–74, and F. Johansen, ‘Portraits of Cleopatra – Do They Exist?’, pp. 75–77.

10

See Ray (2001), Grimm (2003), pp. 45–49, and G. Goudchaux, ‘Cleopatra the Seafarer Queen: Strabo and India’, in Walker & Ashton (2003), pp. 109–112. 11

Caesar,
BC
3. 106–112,
Alexandrian War
1–3, Plutarch,
Caesar
48, Appian,
BC
2. 89.

559

Notes

12

Alexandrian War
4, Plutarch,
Caesar
48–49, Dio 42. 34. 1–38. 2, 39. 1–2, Suetonius,
Caesar
53. 1.

13

Alexandrian War
5–22, Plutarch,
Caesar
49, Dio 42. 40. 1–6, Suetonius,
Caesar
64, Appian,
BC
2. 90.

14

Alexandrian War
23–32, Dio 42. 41. 1–43. 4, Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
14. 8. 12,
Jewish War
1. 187–192.

15
Alexandrian War
33, Dio 42. 35. 4–6, 44. 1–45. 1, Suetonius,
Caesar
52. 1, Appian,
BC
90; for the bemused attitude of scholars to this cruise see Gelzer (1968), pp. 255–259 and also Meier (1995), pp. 408–410, 412. 16

For Caesar’s baldness see Suetonius,
Caesar
45. 2. 17

Suetonius,
Caesar
76. 3,
Alexandrian War
33, Plutarch,
Caesar
49.
18

Alexandrian War
34–41.

19

Alexandrian War
65–78, Dio 42. 45. 1–48. 4, Josephus,
Jewish War
1. 190–195,
Jewish Antiquities
14. 8. 3–5, Plutarch,
Caesar
50, Suetonius,
Caesar
35. 2, 37. 2. XXI Africa, September 47–June 46 BC

1

Cicero,
ad Att.
11. 17a. 3.

2

Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
66. 2 (Loeb translation by B. Perrin (1919), p. 397). 3

Dio 42. 17. 1–19. 4, 22. 1–25. 3, Caesar,
BC
3. 20–22, Velleius Paterculus 2. 68. 1–3, Livy
Pers.
111; for discussion of Caelius’ and Milo’s unsuccessful rebellion see T. Rice Holmes,
The Roman Republic,
3 (1923), pp. 223–225, M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), pp. 227–228.

4

Dio 42. 21. 1–2, 26. 1–28. 4, Plutarch,
Antony
8–10, Cicero,
Philippics
2. 56–63, and in general see Holmes (1923), pp. 226–229, Gelzer (1968), pp. 253–254; for book on drinking see Pliny,
NH
14. 148; on lions see Pliny,
NH
8. 21, Plutarch,
Antony
9.

5

Appian,
BC
2. 92, Dio 42. 29. 1–32. 3, Plutarch,
Antony
9,
Alexandrian War
65,
African War
54, Cicero,
ad Att.
11. 10. 2,
Philippics
6. 11, 11. 14; on the rumour of Pompeian attack on Italy see Cicero,
ad Att.
11. 18. 1, Plutarch,
Cato the
Younger
58.

6

Dio 42. 19. 2–20. 5, Plutarch,
Brutus
6, and
Cicero
39; and T. Mitchell,
Cicero:
The Senior Statesman
(1991), pp. 264–265.

7

Appian,
BC
2. 92–94, Dio 42. 52. 1–55. 3, Suetonius,
Caesar
70, Plutarch,
Caesar
51, Frontinus,
Strategemata
1. 9. 4. In Dio’s version the troops were allowed into the city and the confrontation took place there rather than in a camp outside. 8

Dio 42. 49. 150. 5, Suetonius,
Caesar
38. 2, 51. 2, Plutarch,
Antony
10, Cicero,
Philippics
2. 65, 71–73; and Gelzer (1968), p. 262, Holmes (1923), pp. 234–235. 9

Quote from
African War
1;
African War
60 for legion numbers; Suetonius,
Caesar
59, Dio 42. 58. 3 for story of stumbling; for ignoring bad omens see Cicero,
de
Divinatione
2. 52, where he uses this for further evidence of the spurious nature of such predictions.

10

African War
1–3, 10–11, 19, 27, Appian,
BC
2. 96. 11

African War
4–15.

12

African War
16.

560

Notes

13

African War
16–19, Dio 43. 2. 1–3, Appian,
BC
2. 95, who implies that the Pompeians deliberately withdrew, and Holmes (1923), pp. 242–245, J. Fuller,
Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier and Tyrant
(1965), pp. 267–270; rallying the standard-bearer, Suetonius,
Caesar
62, Plutarch,
Caesar
52. 14

African War
20–21, 24–26, 28, 33–35, 44–46; on seaweed used as fodder see
African War
24; on Scipio Salvito see Dio 42. 58. 1, Plutarch,
Caesar
52, Suetonius,
Caesar
59.

15

African War
24–43, quotation from 31.

16

African War
48–55, Suetonius,
Caesar
66. 17

African War
56–67.

18

African War
68–80.

19

African War
82–83.

20

Plutarch,
Caesar
53.

21

African War
81–86, 91, 94–6, Appian,
BC
2. 100. 22

African War
87–90, 97–98, Dio 43. 10. 1–13. 4, Appian,
BC
2. 98–99, Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
56. 4, 59. 1–73. 1; on Queen Eunoe see Suetonius,
Caesar
52. 1. XXII Dictator, 46–44 BC

1

Cicero,
ad Fam.
12. 18.

2

Velleius Paterculus, 2. 61. 1.

3

For accounts of the triumphs see Dio 43. 19. 1–21. 4, Appian,
BC
2. 101–102, Plutarch,
Caesar
55, Suetonius,
Caesar
37, Pliny,
NH
7. 92, Cicero,
Philippics
14. 23; see also comments in M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), pp. 284–286, T. Rice Holmes,
The Roman Republic,
3 (1923), pp. 279–281, and S. Weinstock,
Divus Julius
(1971), pp. 76–77, who suggests that the story of the chariot axle breaking was a confused version of Caesar’s superstitious mantra recited before travelling in a chariot, Pliny,
NH
28. 21.

4

Suetonius,
Caesar
49. 4.

5

Suetonius,
Caesar
51, Dio 43. 20. 2–4.

6

For celebrations and games see Dio 43. 22. 1–24. 4, Appian,
BC
2. 102, Suetonius,
Caesar
38. 1, 39. 2, Plutarch,
Caesar
55, Pliny,
NH
8. 21–22, 181, Cicero,
ad Fam.
12. 18. 2, Macrobius,
Saturnalia
2. 7. 2–9, and also Gelzer (1968), pp. 285–287, Holmes (1923), pp. 280–282.

7

On behaviour at games see Suetonius,
Augustus
45. 1; one of the most useful discussions of Caesar’s legislation can be found in Z. Yazetz,
Julius Caesar and
His Public Image
(1983).

8

Caesar,
BC
3. 57; for an introduction to the differing interpretations of Caesar see Yazetz (1983), pp. 10–57.

9

Dio 43. 50. 3–4, Suetonius,
Caesar
42. 1, 81,
Tiberius
4. 1, Plutarch,
Caesar
57–58, Strabo,
Geog.
8. 6. 23, 17. 3. 15, Appian,
Punic History
136, Cicero,
ad
Fam.
9. 17. 2, 13. 4, 13. 5, 13. 8; also Yazetz (1983), pp. 137–149, E. Rawson,
CAH2IX
, pp. 445–480, and Holmes (1923), pp. 320–324. 10

Suetonius,
Caesar
41. 2, 76. 2, 80. 3, Dio 43. 46. 2–4, Plutarch,
Caesar
58, Pliny,
NH
7. 181, Cicero,
ad Fam.
7. 30. 1–2, Gelzer (1968), p. 309, 310–311, and Holmes (1923), pp. 328–330.

561

Notes

11

Cicero,
ad Fam.
6. 18. 1,
Philippics
11. 5. 12, 13. 13. 27, Dio 43. 47. 3, Suetonius,
Caesar
76. 2–3, 80. 2; for a detailed discussion of the origins of Caesar’s senators see R. Syme,
The Roman Revolution
(1939), pp. 78–96. 12

On Sallust see Dio 43. 9. 2, 47. 4, Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
3. 4, cf. Dio 43. 1. 3; on the refusal of a province to a follower see Dio 43. 47. 5, and Appian,
BC
3. 89 for his cruelty. 13

Cicero,
pro Marcello
3; cf. Titus Amplius Balbus, the ‘trumpet of the Civil War’

allowed back in November, Cicero,
ad Fam.
6. 12. 3. 14

Suetonius,
Caesar
42. 1, 44. 2.

15

Suetonius,
Caesar
44. 2, Pliny,
NH
18. 211, Plutarch,
Caesar
59, Macrobius,
Saturnalia
1. 14. 2–3, Holmes (1923), pp. 285–287, Gelzer (1969), p. 289, and Yazetz (1983), pp. 111–114.

16

Suetonius,
Caesar
42. 1, 43. 1–2, Cicero,
ad Att.
12. 35. 36. 1, 13. 6, 7,
ad Fam.
7. 26, Dio 43. 25. 2, and Yazetz (1983), pp. 154–156 on sumptuary law; on the
collegia
see Suetonius,
Caesar
42. 3, Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
14. 215–216, and Yazetz (1983), pp. 85–95.

17

Provincial law, Dio 43. 25. 3, and Cicero,
Philippics
1. 8. 9 for approval; herders, Suetonius,
Caesar
42. 1; on the municipia see discussion in Yazetz (1983), pp. 117–121. 18

Quotation from Cicero,
ad Fam.
15. 19. 4; for Quintus Cassius in Spain see
Alexandrian War
48–64,
Spanish War
42, Appian,
BC
2. 43, 103, Dio 43. 29. 1–31. 2, and Holmes (1923), pp. 293–295; the journey and the poem, Suetonius 56. 5, Strabo,
Geog
. 3. 4. 9, and Holmes (1923), p. 296.

19

Spanish War
2–27; for a more detailed discussion of the events of the war see Holmes (1923), pp. 297–306.

20

Spanish War
28–42, Appian,
BC
2. 103–105, Plutarch,
Caesar
56, Dio 43. 36. 1–41. 2, and Holmes (1923), pp. 306–308.

21

For honours see Dio 43. 42. 3, 44. 1–3; For Antony meeting Caesar see Plutarch,
Antony
11; for Cicero’s daughter see Cicero,
ad Att.
13. 20. 1, and T. Mitchell,
Cicero: The Senior Statesman
(1991), p. 282; for Pontius Aquila see Suetonius,
Caesar
78. 2, see also R. Holmes, p. 318.

22

Dio 43. 14. 7, 44. 1–46. 2, Cicero,
ad Att.
12. 47. 3, 45. 3,
ad Fam.
6. 8. 1, 6. 18. 1, Suetonius,
Caesar
76. 1, and see Holmes (1923), pp. 315–316, Gelzer (1968), pp. 307–308, Mitchell (1991), pp. 282ff.

23

Cicero,
ad Att.
13. 40. 1.

24

Cicero,
ad Att.
12. 21. 1, 13. 40. 1, 46, 51. 1,
Orator
10, 35, Plutarch,
Cato the
Younger
11. 1–4, 25. 1–5, 73. 4,
Cicero
39. 2,
Caesar
3. 2, Suetonius,
Caesar
56. 5, and Gelzer (1968), p. 301–304, Holmes (1923), p. 311, and D. Stockton,
Cicero
(1971), p. 138.

25

Cicero,
ad Att.
12. 40. 2, 51. 2, 13. 2. 1, 27. 1, 28. 2–3, 40. 1. XXVIII The Ides of March

1

Suetonius,
Caesar
86. 1–2.

2

Cicero,
pro Marcello
8, 25.

3

Dio 43. 51. 1–2, 44. 1. 1, Appian,
BC
2. 110, 3. 77, Plutarch,
Caesar
58, Velleius Paterculus 2. 59. 4, Suetonius,
Caesar
44. 3, T. Rice Holmes,
The Roman Republic,
3 (1923), pp. 326–327.

562

Notes

4

Cicero,
ad Att.
13. 52 for the visit, 14. 1 for calling on him in Rome; for the view that Caesar’s character had changed profoundly, allegedly under the influence of Cleopatra see J. Collins, ‘Caesar and the Corruption of Power’,
Historia
4 (1955), pp. 445–465.

5

Dio 43. 44. 1–45. 2, 44. 3. 1–6. 4, Suetonius,
Caesar
76. 1; see also R. Carson,

‘Caesar and the Monarchy’,
Greece and Rome
4 (1957), pp. 46–53, E. Rawson,

‘Caesar’s heritage: Hellenistic kings and their Roman equals’,
Journal of Roman
Studies
65 (1975), pp. 148–159, S. Weinstock,
Divus Julius
(1971), esp. pp. 200–206; for the New Testament accounts of Jesus being questioned over taxation see Matthew 22. 17–21, Mark 12. 14–17, for the famous ‘Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s’.

6

Dio 43. 14. 6–7, 44. 6. 1, 5–6, Appian,
BC
2. 106, Weinstock (1971), pp. 241–243, 276–286, 305–310.

7

Dio 44. 5. 3–7. 1, Cicero,
Philippics
2. 43. 1; on Vespasian’s last words see Suetonius,
Vespasian
23; on the later imperial cult see S. Price,
Rituals and Power:
The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor
(1984).

8

Suetonius,
Caesar
44. 2, Dio 43. 2, 44. 6. 1–3, Cicero,
de Divinatione
1. 119, 2. 37; see also Weinstock (1971), pp. 271–3; on Cleopatra’s visit see Dio 43. 27. 3, Appian,
BC
2. 102; Suetonius,
Caesar
52. 1 claims that Caesar summoned her, but falsely states that she left during his lifetime; Cicero’s visit,
ad Att.
15. 2; see also M. Grant,
Cleopatra
(1972), pp. 83–94, and E. Rice,
Cleopatra
(1999), pp. 41–44. 9

Suetonius,
Caesar
52. 2, Plutarch,
Caesar
49; however, note also Plutarch,
Antony
52, which suggests that the boy was not born until after Caesar’s death; for discussions see Grant (1972), pp. 83–85.

10

Suetonius,
Caesar
83. 1–2,
Augustus
8. 1–2, Appian,
BC
2. 143, Pliny,
NH
35. 21, Plutarch,
Antony
11.

11

Plutarch,
Caesar
61,
Antony
12, Suetonius,
Caesar
79. 1–2, Appian,
BC
2. 108, Dio 44. 9. 2–10. 3, Cicero,
Philippics
13. 31, Velleius Paterculus 2. 68. 4–5, Valerius Maximus 5. 7. 2.