Caesar. Life of a Colossus (Adrian Goldsworthy) Yale University Press (98 page)

Caesar,
BG
1. 11, 16; on the logistics of the Roman army, including discussions of the number of slaves and camp followers see P. Erdkamp,
Hunger and Sword:
Warfare and Food Supply in Roman Republican Wars 264–30 BC
(1998), J. Roth,
The Logistics of the Roman Army at War, 264 BC–AD 235
(1999), A. Labisch,
Frumentum Commeatusque. Die Nahrungsmittelversongung der Heere Caesars
(1975), and A. Goldsworthy,
The Roman Army at War, 100 BC – AD 200
(1996), pp. 287–296.

14

Caesar,
BG
1. 12.

15

Caesar,
BG
1. 13.

16

Caesar,
BG
1. 13–14.

17

Caesar,
BG
1. 15–16.

18

Caesar,
BG
1. 16–20, cf. Goudineau (1995), p. 138. 19

See Arrian,
Alexander
3. 10. 1–4 on the danger and difficulties of night attacks. 20

Caesar,
BG
1. 21–22; for a discussion of this operation see Goldsworthy (1996), pp. 128–130.

21

Caesar,
BG
1. 23.

22

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
59, Plutarch,
Crassus
11. 6; for a discussion of the commander’s role before and during battle see Goldsworthy (1996), pp. 131–163; on pre-battle 547

Notes

speeches see M. Hansen, ‘The Battle Exhortation in Ancient Historiography: Fact or Fiction’,
Historia
42 (1993), pp. 161–180.

23

For the battle see Caesar,
BG
1. 24–26; for discussion of the nature of battles in this period see Goldsworthy (1996), pp. 171–247.

24

Caesar,
BG
26–29.

25

Caesar,
BG
1. 30–33.

26

Caesar,
BG
1. 34–37.

27

Caesar,
BG
1. 39.

28

Dio 38. 35. 2.

29

Caesar,
BG
1. 40.

30

Caesar,
BG
1. 39–41.

31

Caesar,
BG
1. 41, cf. Plutarch,
Sulla
5 for the fame he derived from being the first Roman magistrate to receive a Parthian envoy.

32

Caesar,
BG
1. 42–46.

33

Caesar,
BG
1. 46–47.

34

Caesar,
BG
1. 48, cf. Tacitus,
Germania
6; for a discussion of Germanic armies see Goldsworthy (1996), pp. 42–53.

35

Caesar,
BG
1. 49.

36

For the encouragement offered by German women to their warrior husbands see Tacitus,
Germania
7–8.

37

Caesar,
BG
1. 51–54; See Frontinus,
Strategemata
2. 6. 3 on letting the Germans escape.

38

Caesar,
BG
1. 54.

XI ‘The Bravest of the Gaulish Peoples’: The Belgae, 57 BC

1

Caesar,
BG
2. 15.

2

Strabo,
Geog.
4. 4. 2 (Loeb translation by H. Jones (1923), p. 237). 3

For promotions of centurions for gallantry see Caesar,
BG
6. 40; Suetonius,
Caesar
65. 1; on centurions’ command style and heavy casualties see A. Goldsworthy,
The Roman Army at War, 100 BC – AD 200
(1996), pp. 257–8, cf. Caesar,
BG
7. 51,
BC
3. 99; also on the competition to show conspicuous valour and win promotion or reward see
BG
5. 44, 7. 47, 50,
BC
3. 91. 4

On sudden marches and relaxed discipline see Suetonius,
Caesar
65, 67; for a discussion of Marius’ style of command see A. Goldsworthy,
In the Name of
Rome
(2003), pp. 113–136 (or 2004 edn, pp. 127–153). 5

Plutarch,
Caesar
17 (Loeb translation by B. Perrin (1919), p. 483). 6

See Suetonius,
Caesar
67. 2 for
commilitones
and inlaid weapons; see also Polybius 6. 39 and Goldsworthy (1996), pp. 264–282 on individual boldness. 7

On Pompeius Trogus see Justin, 43. 5. 12; for Caesar dictating letters while on horseback see Plutarch,
Caesar
17; on receiving petitioners while in Cisalpine Gaul for the winter, Plutarch,
Caesar
20.

8

On Valerius Meto see Plutarch,
Caesar
17; for dining arrangements see Suetonius,
Caesar
48; Catullus, 29.

9

Catullus, 57 (Loeb translation by F. Cornish (1988), pp. 67–69). 10

Suetonius,
Caesar
73.

548

Notes

11

Suetonius,
Caesar
51; Tacitus,
Histories
4. 55; for other poems attacking Mamurra see Catullus, 41, 43.

12

Caesar,
BG
2. 1; for a summary of Pompey’s campaigns see Goldsworthy (2003), pp. 169–179 (or 2004 edn, pp. 190–201).

13

See N. Roymans,
Tribal Societies in Northern Gaul: An Anthropological
Perspective, Cingula 12
(1990), pp. 11–15, cf. Tacitus,
Germania
28, Caesar,
BG
2. 4, 15, 5. 12; on resistance to Cimbri see
BG
2. 4, and descent from them of the Atuatuci, 2. 29.

14

Caesar,
BG
2. 2–5; on numbers see T. Rice Holmes,
Caesar’s Conquest of Gaul
(1911), p. 71, and L. Rawlings, ‘Caesar’s Portrayal of Gauls as Warriors’, in K. Welch & A. Powell,
Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter: The War Commentaries as
Political Instruments
(1998), pp. 171–192, esp. 175, and fn. 13. For an extremely critical view of Caesar’s numbers see H. Delbrück,
History of the Art of War,
Volume 1:
Warfare in Antiquity
(1975), pp.488–494. Delbrück believed that barbarians were markedly superior fighters to civilised Romans, and as a result consistently reduces the size of their forces, while inflating the numbers in Caesar’s army.

15

Caesar,
BG
2. 5–7.

16

For Sulla’s use of trenches to protect his flanks see Frontinus,
Strategemata
2. 3. 17. 17

Caesar,
BG
2. 8–11.

18

Caesar,
BG
2. 11–13.

19

Caesar,
BG
2. 13–15.

20

Caesar,
BG
2. 16–18, cf. 28 on the strength of the Nervii at the battle. 21

For the possible significance of the site see Rawlings (1998), pp. 176–177; for the suggestion of Maubeuge see Rice Holmes (1911), p. 76.

22

Caesar,
BG
2. 19; cf. Rice Holmes (1911), p. 77 for Napoleon’s comments; on marching camps see Goldsworthy (1996), pp.111–113.

23

Caesar,
BG
2. 20; on delays before battle see Goldsworthy (1996), pp. 143–145. 24

Caesar,
BG
2. 20–24.

25

Caesar,
BG
2. 25.

26

See Goldsworthy (1996), pp. 154–163, esp. 160–161, and (2003), pp. 155, 176, 195

(or 2004 edn, pp. 175, 198, 219); on the nature of combat see Goldsworthy (1996), pp. 191–227.

27

Caesar,
BG
2. 27–28.

28

Caesar,
BG
2. 29–32.

29

Caesar,
BG
2. 33; on his reluctance to let soldiers loose in a town during the hours of darkness see
BC
1. 21, 2. 12,
African War
3; on ritual offerings see
BG
6. 17, Suetonius,
Caesar
54. 2.

30

Caesar,
BG
2. 35, Dio 39. 25. 1–2, cf. M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), pp. 116–118. XII Politics and War: The Conference of Luca

1

Cicero,
ad Quintum Fratrem
2. 3. 3–4.

2

Cicero,
de provinciis consularibus
25.

3

Publius and Claudia in the First Punic War see Livy,
Pers.
19, Cicero,
de natura
deorum
2. 7, Florus 1. 19. 29, Suetonius,
Tiberius
2. 3, Gellius,
NA
10. 6. 549

Notes

4

Plutarch,
Lucullus
34, 38, Cicero,
pro Milone
73; for a discussion of the family’s position see E. Gruen,
The Last Generation of the Roman Republic
(1974), pp. 97–100; on the identity of Lesbia see Apuleius,
Apologia
10. 5

Dio 38. 12–13, see also M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), pp. 96–99, G. Rickman,
The
Corn Supply of Ancient Rome
(1979), pp. 104–119.

6

Plutarch,
Cicero
30–32,
Cato the Younger
34–40, see also D. Stockton,
Cicero
(1971), pp. 167–193, R. Seager,
Pompey the Great
(2002), pp. 101–103. 7

Plutarch,
Cicero
33–34, Seager (2002), 103–109.

8

Cicero,
pro Sestio
71,
de provinciis consularibus
43,
In Pisonem
80,
ad Fam.
1. 9. 9; on Pompey and the Egyptian command see especially Cicero,
ad Fam.
1. 1–9; see also Seager (2002), pp. 107–109, Gelzer (1968), pp. 117–119. 9

Cicero,
ad Quintum Fratrem
2. 3. 2.

10

For Ahenobarbus see Cicero,
ad Att.
4. 8b; for the Campanian land see Cicero,
ad Quintum Fratrem
2. 1. 1, 6. 1,
ad Fam.
1. 9. 8. 11

Suetonius,
Caesar
24. 1.

12

Appian,
BC
2. 17, Plutarch,
Pompey
50,
Caesar
21,
Crassus
14; see also Gelzer (1968), pp.120–124, Seager (2002), pp. 110–119, C. Meier
Caesar
(1996), pp. 270–273, A. Ward,
Marcus Crassus and the Late Roman Republic
(1977), pp. 262–288.

13

Cicero,
ad Fam.
1. 9. 8–10,
ad Quintum Fratrem
2. 7. 2; for the accusation of incest between Clodia and her brother see
pro Caelio
32. 14

Cicero,
de provinciis consularibus
32–33.

15

Plutarch,
Crassus
15,
Pompey
51–52,
Cato the Younger
41–42, Dio 39. 27. 1–32. 3; Seager (2002), pp. 120–122.

16

For ‘All Gaul at peace’ see Caesar,
BG
3. 7, for Galba in the Alps see 3. 1–6, for Crassus see 2. 34, 3. 7.

17

Caesar,
BG
3. 8–11.

18

Caesar,
BG
3. 11–16; cf. Gelzer (2002), p. 126, and Meier (1996), pp. 274–275

pointing out that Caesar’s officers were not ambassadors.

19

For Sabinus see Caesar,
BG
3. 17–19; for Crassus see 3. 20–26, for Caesar and the Morini see 3. 27–28.

13 ‘Over the Waters’: The British and German Expeditions,

55–54 BC

1

Cicero,
ad Att.
4. 18.

2

Tacitus,
Agricola
13.

3

Caesar,
BG
4. 20, Suetonius,
Caesar
47, Plutarch,
Caesar
23. 4

Caesar,
BG
4. 1–4, Plutarch,
Caesar
22; for a detailed discussion of the incident see A. Powell, ‘Julius Caesar and the Presentation of Massacre’, in K. Welch & A. Powell (eds.),
Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter: The War Commentaries as
Political Instruments
(1998), pp. 111–137.

5

See Powell (1998), esp. pp. 124–129; on Roman resistance to peoples moving into frontier zones see S. Dyson,
The Creation of the Roman Frontier
(1985), esp. pp. 172–173.

550

Notes

6

Caesar,
BG
4. 5–7; in 52 BC he referred to his reluctance to trust his security to the tribal leaders, see
BG
7. 6.

7

Caesar,
BG
4. 7–9.

8

Caesar,
BG
4. 11–12; cf. 4. 2 on German scorn for saddles; on small size of German horses see 7. 65, Tacitus,
Germania
6.

9

Caesar,
BG
4. 13–14.

10

Caesar,
BG
4. 14–15.

11

Caesar,
BG
4. 14–16.

12

Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
51. 1–2 (Loeb translation). 13

Suetonius,
Caesar
24. 3, and M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), pp. 130–132, C. Meier,
Caesar
(1996), pp. 282–284.

14

Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
51. 2 (Loeb Translation). 15

On Cato’s attack see Powell (1998), pp. 123, 127–128, Gelzer (1968), pp. 131–132. 16

Caesar,
BG
4. 16–18, cf. T. Rice Holmes,
Caesar’s Conquest of Gaul
(1911), p. 100.

17

Caesar,
BG
4. 18–19.

18

Caesar,
BG
4. 20, 22. For general accounts of Caesar’s expeditions and their place within the wider context of the later Roman conquest of Britain see G. Webster,
The Roman Invasion of Britain,
rev. edn (1993), pp. 43–40, and M. Todd,
Roman
Britain,
3rd edn. (1999), pp. 4–22. The most detailed treatment remains T. Rice Holmes,
Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius Caesar
(1907). See also the excellent recent analysis by G. Grainge,
The Roman Invasions of Britain
(2005), esp. pp. 83–109. It is not possible in a study of this nature to enter into the vigorous debates over many of the details of Caesar’s expeditions. 19

Caesar,
BG
4. 20–21; see the comments in N. Austin & B. Rankov,
Exploratio:
Military and Political Intelligence in the Roman World
(1995), p. 13, who are critical of Caesar’s failure to discover more information and cite Polybius 3. 48 in support. On the ports of Britain and trade with Europe see B. Cunliffe,
Greeks,
Romans and Barbarians
(1988), pp. 145–149; on the coastline see the survey in Grainge (2005), pp. 17–42, 105–107.

20

Caesar,
BG
4. 23–24; on the possible choice of Dover for the landing see Grainge (2005), pp. 101–105.

21

Caesar,
BG
4. 25.

22

Caesar,
BG
4. 25–26.

23

Caesar,
BG
4. 27–30; for ‘ . . . peace was established’, see 4. 28; see also Grainge (2005), pp. 107–109.