When Computers Were Human (73 page)

Millman, S., ed.,
A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System
, vol. 1, New York, ATT, 1984.

Mills, John, “The Line and the Laboratory,”
Bell Telephone Quarterly
, vol. 19, no. 1, January 1940, pp. 5–21.

Mills, John, “A Quarter Century of Transcontinental Telephone Service,”
Bell Telephone Quarterly
, vol. 19, no. 1, January 1940, pp. 1–2.

Mills, Walter,
Road to War
, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1935.

Mollenhoff, Clark,
Atanasoff, Forgotten Father of the Computer
, Ames, Iowa State University Press, 1988.

Moorehead, E. J.,
Our Yesterdays: The History of the Actuarial Profession in North American, 1809–1979
, Schaumburg, Ill., Society of Actuaries, 1989.

Morando, Bruno, “The Golden Age of Celestial Mechanics,” in Taton and Wilson, pp. 221–39.

Morrison, Philip, and Emily Morrison, eds.,
Charles Babbage and His Calculating Engines
, New York, Dover, 1966.

Morse, Philip,
In at the Beginnings: A Physicist's Life
, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1977.

Moulton, Forest Ray, “History of the Ballistics Branch of the Artillery Ammunition Section, Engineering Division of the Ordnance Department for the Period April 6, 1918, to April 2, 1919” (manuscript, 1919), U.S. Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pa.

Moulton, Forest Ray,
New Methods in Exterior Ballistics
, Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1926.

“Myrrick Haskell Doolittle,”
Washington Evening Star
, Saturday, June 28, 1913.

Nash, Stephen, ed.,
A History of Scientific Computing
, New York, ACM Press, 1990.

National Bureau of Standards, “Activities in Applied Mathematics, 1946–1947” (report, 1947), pp. 12–13.

National Bureau of Standards,
The National Applied Mathematics Laboratories—A Prospectus
, Washington, D.C., National Bureau of Standards, 1947.

National Bureau of Standards,
Projects and Publications of the National Applied Mathematics Laboratories
, Washington, D.C.

National Research Council,
International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry and Technology
, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1926.

“Nautical Almanac Investigation,”
Washington Post
, July 19, 1893, p. 4.

“Nautical Almanac Office Moved,”
Washington Post
, October 19, 1893, p. 8.

Nebeker, Frederik,
Calculating the Weather: Meteorology in the 20th Century
, New York, Academic Press, 1995.

Newcomb, Simon, “Abstract Science in America, 1776–1876, “
North American Review
, vol. 122, no. 250, 1876, pp. 88–124.

Newcomb, Simon,
The Reminiscences of an Astronomer
, Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1903.

Newton, Isaac,
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
, London, Royal Society, 1687.

O'Connor, J. J., and E. F. Robertson, “Francesco Siacci,” MacTutor History of Mathematics,
http://turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Siacci.html
.

Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey, and Joy Dorothy Harvey,
Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science
, vol. 2, New York, Routledge, 2000.

Olinick, Michael,
An Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social and Life Sciences
, Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley, 1978.

Owens, Larry, “The Counterproductive Management of Science in the Second World War: Vannevar Bush and the Office of Scientific Research and Development,”
Business History Review
, vol. 68, no. 4, 1994, pp. 515–76.

Owens, Larry, “Mathematicians at War: Warren Weaver and the Applied Mathematics Panel, 1942–1945,” in Rowe and McCleary, pp. 287–305.

Owens, Larry, “Where Are We Going, Phil Morse? Changing Agendas and the Rhetoric of Obviousness in the Transformation of Computing at MIT, 1939–1957,”
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
, vol. 18, no. 4, October–December 1996, pp. 42–48.

Pairman, Eleanor,
Tables of the Digamma and Trigamma Functions
, Tracts for Computers, no. 1, London, Cambridge University Press, 1919.

Pearl, Raymond, “Karl Pearson, 1857–1936,”
Journal of the American Statistical Association
, vol. 31, no. 196, December 1936, pp. 653–64.

Pearl, Raymond, and Magdalen Burger, “Retail Prices of Food during 1917 and 1918,”
Publications of the American Statistical Association
, vol. 16, no. 127, September 1919, pp. 411–39.

Pearson, Egon S., “An Appreciation of Some Aspects of His Life and Work,”
Biometrika
, vol. 29, nos. 3/4, February 1938, pp. 161–248.

Pearson, Egon S., “Karl Pearson: An Appreciation of Some Aspects of His Life and Work,”
Biometrika
, vol. 28, nos. 3/4, December 1936, pp. 193–257.

Pearson, Karl, “Cooperative Investigations on Plants: I. On Inheritance in the Shirley Poppy,”
Biometrika
, vol. 2, no. 1, November 1902, pp. 56–100.

Pearson, Karl,
The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton
, Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, 1914–30, vol. 3.

Pearson, Karl, “Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution, III: Regression, Heredity and Panmixia,”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (A)
, vol. 187, 1896, pp. 253–318.

Pearson, Karl,
On the Construction of Tables and on Interpolation: Part I. Univariate Tables
, Tracts for Computers, no. 2, Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, 1920.

Pearson, Karl,
On the Construction of Tables and on Interpolation: Part II. Bivariate Tables
, Tracts for Computers, no. 3, Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, 1920.

Pearson, Karl, “On the Laws of Inheritance in Man: II. On the Inheritance of the Mental and Moral Characters in Man, and Its Comparison with the Inheritance of the Physical Characters,”
Biometrika
, vol. 3, nos. 2/3, March–July 1904, pp. 131–90.

Pearson, Karl, “The Scope of
Biometrika
,”
Biometrika
, vol. 1, no. 1, October 1901, pp. 1–2.

Pearson, Karl, “Walter Frank Raphael Weldon, 1860–1906,”
Biometrika
, vol. 5, nos. 1/2, October 1906, pp. 1–52.

Perry, John,
The Story of Standards
, New York, Funk & Wagnalls, 1955.

Peterson, Sven R., “Benjamin Peirce: Mathematician and Philosopher,” in Cohen (1980), pp. 89–112.

Pierce, John Alvin, ed.,
Long Range Navigation
, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1948.

Polachek, Harry, “History of the Journal
Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation
, 1959–1965,”
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
, vol. 17, no. 3, 1995, pp. 67–74.

Porter, Robert, “The Eleventh Census,”
Publications of the American Statistical Association
, vol. 2, no. 15, September 1891, pp. 321–79.

Porter, Theodore,
Karl Pearson: The Scientific Life in a Statistical Age
, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 2004.

Porter, Theodore,
The Rise of Statistical Thinking
, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1986.

Porter, Theodore,
Trust in Numbers
, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1995.

“President Backs Weeks on Ouster,”
New York Times
, April 3, 1953.

Price, G. Baley, “American Mathematicians in World War I,” in Duren, vol. 1, pp. 267–73.

Price, G. Baley, “Award for Distinguished Service to Dr. Thornton Carl Fry,”
American Mathematical Monthly
, vol. 89, no. 2, 1982, pp. 81–83.

Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, NARA, Papers of Lyndon Baines Johnson, 1963.

Pugh, Emerson,
Building IBM
, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1994.

Pursell, Carrol, “A Preface to Governmental Support of Research,”
Technology and Culture
, vol 9, no. 2, 1968, pp. 145–64.

“A Quarter Century of Transcontinental Telephone Service,”
Bell Telephone Quarterly
, vol. 19, no. 1, January 1940, pp. 1–2.

Radcliffe College,
Private Collegiate Instruction for Women in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Courses of Study … with Requisitions for Admission and Report of the … Year 1879–80
, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University, 1880.

Ralph, Julian, “Chicago's Gentle Side,”
Harper's New Monthly Magazine
, vol. 87, no. 518, July 1893, pp. 286–98.

Randell, Brian, ed.,
The Origins of Digital Computers
, New York, Springer-Verlag, 1982.

Rasmussen, Wayne D., and Gladys L. Baker,
The Department of Agriculture
, New York, Praeger, 1972.

Reich, Leonard,
The Making of American Industrial Research
, Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Reid, Constance,
Neyman from Life
, Springer-Verlag, 1982.

Reiman, Richard,
The New Deal and American Youth
, Athens, University of Georgia Press, 1992.

Reingold, Nathan, ed.,
Papers of Joseph Henry
, Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979.

Reingold, Nathan,
Science American Style
, New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers University Press, 1991.

Reingold, Nathan, “Vannevar Bush's New Deal for Research; or, The Triumph of the Old Order,”
Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences
, vol. 17, no. 2, 1987, pp. 299–344.

Rhodes, Edmund Cecil,
On Smoothing
, Tracts for Computers, no. 6, Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, 1921.

Rhodes, Ida, interview with Henry Tropp, March 21, 1973, SMITHSONIAN.

Rhodes, Richard,
Dark Sun
, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995.

Rhodes, Richard,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb
, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1986.

Richardson, Lewis Fry,
Weather Prediction by Numerical Process
, Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, 1922.

Riddell, Robert,
The Slide Rule Simplified
, Philadelphia, 1881.

Rigaud, S. P.,
Some Account of Halley's Astronomiae Cometicae Synopsis
, Oxford, 1835.

Rodgers, William,
Think: A Biography of the Watsons and IBM
, New York, Stein and Day, 1969.

Rosser, J. Barkley, “Mathematics and Mathematicians in World War II,”
Notices of the American Mathematical Society
, vol. 29, 1982, pp. 509–15.

Rossiter, Margaret,
Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940
, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.

Rotella, Elyce,
From Home to Office: U.S. Women at Work, 1870–1930
, Ann Arbor, Mich., UMI Research Press, 1981.

Rowe, David, and John McCleary, eds.,
The History of Modern Mathematics: Proceedings of the Symposium on the History of Modern Mathematics, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, 20–24 June 1989
, vol. 2,
Institutions and Applications
, Boston, Academic Press, 1989.

Royal Observatory,
Report of the Astronomer Royal to the Board of Visitors of the Royal Observatory
, Greenwich.

Rutland, David,
Why Computers Are Computers: The SWAC and the PC
, Philomath, Ore., Wren Publishing, 1995.

Sadler, D. H., and John Todd, “Mathematics in Government Service and Industry,”
Nature
, no. 3992, May 4, 1946.

Scaffer, Simon, “Babbage's Intelligence,”
Critical Inquiry
, vol. 21, no. 1, August 1994, pp. 203–27.

Scaife, B. K. P., ed.,
Studies in Numerical Analysis
, New York, Academic Press, 1974.

Schaffer, Simon, “Astronomers Mark Time: Discipline and the Personal Equation,”
Science in Context
, vol. 2, no. 1, 1988, pp. 115–45.

“Scientists at Sword's Points,”
Washington Post
, July 9, 1893, p. 7.

Shannon, Claude E., “Mathematical Theory of the Differential Analyzer,”
MTAC
, vol. 1, no. 2, April 1943, pp. 63–64.

Shaw, George Bernard,
Man and Superman
(Cambridge, Mass., University Press, 1903),
Bartleby.com
, 1999,
http://www.bartleby.com/157/
.

Shaw, George Bernard,
Mrs. Warren's Profession
(1894), Project Gutenberg, 1997,
ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext97/wrpro10.txt
.

Sheldon, John, and Liston Tatum, “The IBM Card-Programmed Electronic Calculator,”
Review of Electronic Digital Computers, Joint AIEE-IRE Conference, December 10–12, 1951
, New York, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1952, pp. 30–36, reprinted in Randell, pp. 233–40.

Siacci, Francesco, “Rational and Practical Ballistics—New Methods for Solving Problems of Fire,” trans. O. B. Mitcham, in U.S. Ordnance Department,
Report of the Chief of Ordnance
, Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1881, pp. 218–42.

Sinclair, Upton,
The Jungle
(1906), Project Gutenberg, 1994,
ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext94/jungl10.txt
.

Slutz, Ralph, “Memories of the Bureau of Standards SEAC,” in Metropolis et al., pp. 471–77.

Smith, Adam,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
(London, W. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1776), Project Gutenberg, 2002,
ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext02/wltnt10.txt
.

Smith, Adam, “The Principles Which Lead and Direct Philosophical Enquiries: Illustrated by the History of Astronomy” (1757), in
The Early Writings of Adam Smith
, ed. J. Ralph Lindgren, New York, Augustus Kelley, 1967, pp. 32–108.

Smith, Betty,
A Tree Grows in Brooklyn
, New York, Harper and Row, 1947.

Smith, Cecil, “The Longest Run: Public Engineers and Planning in France,”
American Historical Review
, vol. 95, no. 3, June 1990, pp. 657–92.