When Computers Were Human (75 page)

Yeomans, Donald, “Comet Halley—The Orbital Motion,”
Astronomical Journal
, vol. 82, no. 6, 1977, pp. 435–40.

Yeomans, Donald,
Comets: A Chronological History of Observation, Science, Myth, and Folklore
, New York, John Wiley, 1991.

Yule, George Udney,
An Introduction to the Theory of Statistics
, London, Charles Griffin and Co., 1911.

Zabecki, David,
Steel Wind: Colonel Georg Bruchmüller and the Birth of Modern Artillery
, Westport, Conn., Praeger, 1994.

Index

Aberdeen Proving Ground,
159
,
198
,
232
,
235
,
240
,
242
,
256
,
263
,
277
,
280
,
296
,
322
,
313
,
325
; in First World War,
134
,
136
–
38
,
140
–
42
,
144
,
151
–
54
,
264
; 1936 reorganization of,
195
,
234
,
240
,
242
; and University of Pennsylvania,
257
–
59
; and veterans of First World War,
178
,
179
,
195
,
205
,
223
,
236
,
240
,
259

Abramowitz, Milton,
206
,
250
,
285
,
291
,
313
,
314
,
325
; and LORAN,
250
–
52
,
277
,
285

Académie des Sciences (France),
19
,
20
,
22
–
24
,
34
,
35
,
75
,
234

accuracy of computations,
167
,
168
,
219
,
259
,
263
,
267
,
304
,
319
; astronomical accuracy,
92
,
162
; checking for errors,
21
,
166
,
184
,
186
,
214
,
215
; differencing (
see
mathematical methods
); double computation,
30
,
40
.
See also
comets, precision of prediction for

actuaries,
2
,
4
,
60
,
61
,
93
,
102
,
124
,
189
,
190
,
236
,
237
.
See also
insurance

Adams, Henry,
96
,
97
,
100

Addams, Jane,
100

adding machines.
See
calculating machines

Admiralty Computing Service,
261
–
64
,
281
–
83
,
295
,
301
,
325

Aerospace Research Laboratories,
312
,
315

agricultural statistics.
See
statistics, agricultural

Aiken, Howard,
229
–
33
,
254
,
287
,
288
,
300
,
325
; and Mark I computing machine,
230
,
231
,
272
,
277
,
287
; and Second World War,
272
,
275
,
277

aircraft.
See
aviation

Airy, George,
49
–
54
,
59
,
62
,
64
,
65
,
113
,
120
,
132
,
321
,
325

American Association for the Advancement of Science,
56
,
57
,
316

American Mathematical Society,
202
,
205
,
209
,
236
,
291

American Nautical Almanac and Ephemeris.
See
Nautical Almanac, American

American Telephone and Telegraph,
170
,
179
.
See also
Bell Telephone Laboratories

Ängström, Jonas,
119
–
21

Applied Mathematics Panel,
253
–
55
,
258
,
264
–
69
,
271
–
74
,
276
,
278
–
86
,
288
,
289
,
313
,
317
,
325
; and computing machines,
268
,
271
,
277
; demobilization of,
276
–
78
,
285
,
288
,
289
; and lack of postwar vision,
279
,
280
; and Rockefeller Foundation,
264

Archibald, Raymond Claire,
211
,
235
–
39
,
242
,
246
,
285
–
88
,
293
,
294
,
311
,
325
; chair of Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation,
236
,
237
,
256
,
257
,
261
; and Mathematical Tables Project,
291
,
294
; and National Research Council,
238
,
239
,
256
; and Rockefeller Foundation,
238
,
257

army.
See
United States Army

Astin, Allen,
309
,
310

Astronomer Royal (England),
15
,
21
,
27
,
47
,
50
,
53
,
92
,
124
.
See also
Royal Greenwich Observatory

astronomy,
5
–
7
,
11
–
25
,
27
,
29
,
30
,
37
–
40
,
43
,
48
–
50
,
55
,
71
,
79
,
83
,
87
,
92
,
98
–
100
,
103
,
116
,
124
,
128
,
138
,
143
,
181
,
191
–
94
,
237
,
239
,
274
; data reduction in,
50
,
64
,
82
,
108
,
120
,
136
,
172
,
193
,
230
; and orbital calculations,
11
–
16
,
20
–
25
,
46
,
48
,
59
–
62
,
70
,
88
,
119
–
21
,
123
–
25
,
130
,
148
,
178
,
230
,
301
,
302
,
319
; and Claudius Ptolemy and the
Almagest
,
5
.
See also
calculus, and three-body problem
;
comets
;
Halley's comet

Atanasoff, John Vincent,
225
–
33
,
281
,
311
,
325
; and Applied Mathematics Panel,
268
; and computing machines,
226
–
29
,
232
,
268

atomic bomb.
See
Manhattan Project

aviation,
127
,
241
.
See also
Langley Field

Babbage, Charles,
5
,
6
,
38
–
45
,
47
,
50
,
53
,
54
,
56
,
57
,
69
,
104
,
172
,
173
,
230
,
321
,
325
; and analytical engine,
44
,
230
; and
difference engine,
41
–
44
,
53
,
54
,
56
,
69
,
92
,
173
,
215
,
288

Baldwin, Frank,
93
,
106

ballistics,
3
,
4
,
6
,
7
,
72
,
74
,
97
,
98
,
128
–
31
,
134
,
136
,
138
,
140
,
141
,
143
,
151
,
152
,
181
,
189
,
195
,
239
,
247
,
253
,
261
,
283
,
289
,
296
; and antiaircraft artillery,
129
,
130
,
132
,
137
,
141
,
278
; calculations in,
130
–
32
,
136
,
156
,
235
,
259
,
271
,
281
; and differential analyzer,
178
,
234
,
258
–
61
,
268
,
283
; Moulton theory in,
141
,
142
,
179
; Siacci theory,
129
,
130
,
141
; trajectories,
264
,
280
,
281
,
283
,
289
,
301
,
302

Barlow, Peter,
5
,
211

Bell Telephone Laboratories,
178
–
80
,
189
,
216
,
221
,
223
,
226
–
28
,
232
,
233
,
237
,
242
,
249
,
253
,
261
,
268
,
272
,
280
,
287
,
310
,
311
,
326
; mathematics and computing division of,
169
–
71
,
179
,
180
,
221
,
227
.
See also
American Telephone and Telegraph

Bennett, A. A.,
179
,
211
,
326
; chair of Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation,
195
,
196
,
234
,
235

Berry, Clifford,
229
,
311

Bessel function,
125
,
184

Bethe, Hans,
218
,
219

binary arithmetic.
See
mathematical methods

Biometrics Laboratory.
See
Galton Laboratory

Blanch, Gertrude,
212
–
17
,
219
,
234
,
239
,
247
–
50
,
258
,
269
–
73
,
289
,
299
–
304
,
307
,
308
–
17
,
318
,
322
,
326
; and Applied Mathematics Panel,
254
,
272
; background and education of,
206
–
9
; and Hans Bethe,
219
; and ElectroData Corporation,
311
,
312
; and Institute for Numerical Analysis,
299
–
304
,
310
; and President Lyndon Johnson,
316
,
317
; loyalty and security problems of,
248
,
249
,
307
,
307
–
10
,
312

Bliss, Gilbert,
178
,
195
,
259
,
260
,
278

bombing calculations,
129
,
141
,
247
,
253
,
266
,
269
,
270
,
285

Bowditch, Ingersoll,
66

Brainerd, John,
257
–
60

Brandt, Alva,
221
,
226

Briggs, Henry,
6

Briggs, Lyman,
202
,
203
,
205
,
210
,
211
,
217
,
244
,
257
,
258
,
284
,
289

British Admiralty,
27
–
29
,
33
,
47
–
50
,
172
,
196
,
281
,
282

British Association for the Advancement of Science Mathematical Tables Committee.
See
Mathematical Tables Committee (BAAS)

Brown, Ernest,
192

Brunsviga.
See
calculating machines, Brunsviga

Bureau du Cadastre,
33
–
38
,
40
,
51
,
326

Burroughs, William Seward,
93
,
96
,
326

Bush, Vannevar,
178
–
90
,
201
,
326

Cahn, Albert,
300
,
301
,
303
,
306
,
307

calculating machines,
171
,
177
,
220
,
221
,
272
; Atanasoff's machine (ABC),
227
–
29
,
232
,
268
,
281
,
311
; Bell Labs, complex calculator of,
223
,
224
,
227
,
232
; Brunsviga,
106
,
117
,
121
,
154
,
155
,
169
,
174
,
262
,
326
; Burroughs Arithmometer,
93
,
96
; Felt Comptometer,
93
,
96
; isograph computing machine,
222
,
226
; Mark I (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator),
231
,
232
,
277
,
287
; mass production of,
7
,
41
,
92
,
93
,
96
,
117
,
121
,
142
,
157
,
165
,
171
,
188
,
198
,
207
,
217
,
220
,
221
,
225
,
229
,
230
,
233
,
242
,
244
,
255
,
283
,
285
,
287
,
301
,
326
; Millionaire and Mercedes calculators
171
; Model K,
223
,
227
; Monroe calculator,
183
,
230
; National Accounting Machine,
172
–
74
,
263
; Pascal adding mechanism,
41
,
93
; price of compared to computer salary,
95
,
220
,
223
,
231
,
268
; Sustrand adding machines,
220
,
243
; Thomas Arithmometer,
92
,
93
.
See also
difference engine
;
differential analyzer
;
punched card machines
;
computers, electronic stored programs
;
International Business Machines