When Computers Were Human (72 page)

Grier, David Alan, “The Rise and Fall of the Committee on Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation,”
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
, vol. 23, no. 2, 2001, pp. 38–49.

Guillaume, M. J., ed.,
Procès-Verbaux du Comité d'Instruction Publique de la Convention Nationale
, vol. 3 (November 21, 1793–March 20, 1794), Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1897, pp. 605–6.

Guillaume, M. J., ed.,
Procès-Verbaux du Comité d'Instruction Publique de la
Convention Nationale
, vol. 5 (September 3, 1794–March 20, 1795), Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1904, pp. 551–62.

Gurer, Denise, “Women's Contributions to Early Computing at the National Bureau of Standards,”
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
, vol. 18, no. 3, Fall 1996, pp. 29–25.

Gutzwiller, Martin, “Wallace Eckert, Computers and the Nautical Almanac Office,” in Fiala and Dick, pp. 147–63.

Hainaut, O., R. M. West, B. G. Marsden, A. Smette, and K. Meech, “Post-perihelion Observations of Comet P/Halley,”
Astronomy and Astrophysics
, vol. 293, 1995, pp. 941–47.

Halberstam, David,
The Fifties
, New York, Fawcett, 1993.

Haldane, J. B. S., “Karl Pearson, 1857–1957,”
Biometrika
, vol. 44, nos. 3/4, December 1957, pp. 303–13.

Halley, Edmund,
Astronomiae Cometicae Synopsis
, London, John Senex, 1705.

Halley, Edmund,
Astronomical Tables with Precepts Both in English and Latin
, London, 1752.

Hamilton, Mary Agnes,
Newnham
, London, Faber and Faber, 1936.

Handy, Moses P., ed.,
Official Directory of the World's Columbian Expedition
, Chicago, W. D. Gonkey, 1893.

Hardy, G. H.,
A Mathematician's Apology
, Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, 1967.

Harvard College Observatory,
Annual Report of the Director of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College
, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University.

Harvard University,
Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard University
, Cambridge, Mass.

“Health Bill Foe Debunked,”
The Nation
, May 23, 1946.

Hellman, Lillian,
Scoundrel Time
, New York, Little, Brown, 1976.

Henderson, James,
Bibliotheca Tabularum Mathematicarum, Being a Descriptive Catalogue of Mathematical Tables
, Tracts for Computers, no. 13, Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, 1926.

Herman, Jan,
A Hilltop in Foggy Bottom
, Washington, D.C., Department of the Navy, 1996.

Hestenes, Magnus, and John Todd,
NBS-INA—The Institute for Numerical Analysis—UCLA 1947–1954
, Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Commerce, NIST Special Publication 730.

Hobart, Michael, and Zachary Schiffman,
Information Ages
, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

“Hog Astronomy,”
Washington Post
, December 5, 1926, p. S1 (editorial).

Hoover, Herbert,
Testimony before Senate Committee on Agriculture, June 19, 1917
, Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1917.

Hopp, Peter,
Slide Rules: Their History, Models and Makers
, Mendham, N.J., Astragal Press, 1999.

Hopper, Grace, “Commander Aiken and My Favorite Computer,” in Cohen and Welch, pp. 185–94.

Howard, Donald S.,
The WPA and Federal Relief Policy
, New York, Da Capo Press, 1943.

Howe, Irving,
World of Our Fathers
, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1976.

Howse, Derek,
Nevil Maskelyne: The Seaman's Astronomer
, Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Hughes, D. W., “The History of Halley's Comet,”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
, vol. 323, no. 1572, September 30, 1987, pp. 349–66.

Huskey, Harry, “SWAC—Standards Western Automatic Computer,”
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
, vol. 19, no. 2, 1997, pp. 51–61.

Hyman, Anthony,
Charles Babbage
, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1980.

“I.B.M. Convention Set,”
New York Times
, April 29, 1939, p. 34.

Ickes, Harold,
Secret Diary of Harold Ickes
, vol. 2, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1954.

“The International Statistical Institute at Chicago,”
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
, vol. 57, no. 1, March 1894, pp. 168–71.

Iowa State University,
Annual Report
, ISU.

Iowa State University,
Bulletin of Iowa State University
, Ames, Iowa.

Irvine, M. M., “Early Digital Computers at Bell Telephone Laboratories,”
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
, vol. 23, no. 3, July–September, 2001, pp. 22–43.

Irwin, Joseph Oscar,
On Quadrature and Cubature; or, On Methods of Determining Approximately Single and Double Integrals
, Tracts for Computers, no. 10, Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, 1924.

Isaacson, Eugene, “The Origin of Mathematics of Computation and Some Personal Recollections,” in Nash, pp. 211–16.

Jahnke, Eugen, and Fritz Emde,
Tables of Functions with Formulae and Curves
, Leipzig and Berlin, Teubner, 1909.

James, Mary Ann,
Elites in Conflict: The Antebellum Clash over the Dudley Observatory
, New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers University Press, 1987.

Jarrold, Rachel, and Glenn Fromm,
Time—The Great Teacher (A History of One Hundred Years of the New Jersey State Teachers College at Trenton, 1855–1955)
, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1955.

Jevons, W. Stanley, “Remarks on the Statistical Use of the Arithmometer,”
Journal of the Statistical Society of London
, vol. 41, no. 4, December 1878, pp. 597–601.

Johnston, Stephen, “Making the Arithmometer Count,”
Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society
, 1997.

Jones, Bessie Zaban, and Lyle Boyd,
The Harvard College Observatory: The First Four Directorships, 1839–1919
, Cambridge, Mass., Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971.

Karpinsky, Louis, “James W. Glover,”
Science
, vol. 94, no. 2433, August 15, 1941, pp. 156–57.

Kelves, Daniel,
In the Name of Eugenics
, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1985.

Kelves, Daniel,
The Physicists
, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1971.

Kennedy, David M.,
Over Here
, New York, Oxford University Press, 1980.

Kessner, Thomas,
Fiorello H. La Guardia and the Making of Modern New York
, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1989.

Kidwell, Peggy, “The Adding Machine Fraternity at St. Louis: Creating a Center of Invention,”
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
, vol. 22, no. 2, April–May 2000, pp. 4–21.

Kidwell, Peggy, “From Novelty to Necessity,”
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
, vol. 12, no. 1, 1990, pp. 31–40.

Kidwell, Peggy, “Three Women of American Astronomy,”
American Scientist
, vol. 78, 1990, pp. 244–50.

Kidwell, Peggy, “‘Yours for Improvement'—The Adding Machines of Chicago, 1884–1930,”
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
, vol. 23, no. 3, July–September 2001, pp. 3–21.

Kline, Morris,
Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times
, Oxford, U.K., Oxford University Press, 1972.

Kline, Ronald,
Steinmetz: Engineer and Socialist
, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.

Kohlstedt, Sally Gregory, “Creating a Forum for Science: AAAS in the Nineteenth Century,” in Kohlstedt et al., pp. 7–49.

Kohlstedt, Sally Gregory, Michael M. Sokal, and Bruce V. Lewenstein, eds.,
The Establishment of Science in America: 150 Years of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
, New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers University Press, 1999.

Kruger, M. K., “A Slide Rule for Vector Calculations,”
Bell Laboratories Record
, vol. 7, 1929, pp. 405–10.

Lalande, Joseph-Jérôme Le Français de,
Astronomie
, 3rd ed., Paris, Desaint, 1792.

Lalande, Joseph-Jérôme Le Français de,
Bibliographie Astronomique avec l'Histoire de l'Astronomie depuis 1781 jusqu'à 1802
, Paris, Imprimerie de la Republique, 1802.

Latrobe, John,
The History of Mason and Dixon's Line; Contained in an Address, Delivered by John H. B. Latrobe, of Maryland, Before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, November 8, 1854
, Philadelphia, Lippincott, Grambo, and Co., 1855.

Lee, Harper,
To Kill a Mockingbird
, New York, J. P. Lippingcott, 1960.

Leffingwell, William Henry,
Office Management Principles and Practice
, Chicago, A. W. Shaw, 1927.

Lehmer, D. H.,
Guide to Tables in the Theory of Numbers
, Washington, D.C., National Research Council, 1941.

Light, Jennifer, “When Computers Were Women,”
Technology and Culture
, vol. 40, no. 3, July 1999, pp. 455–83.

Lindbergh, Anne Morrow,
The War Within and Without: Diaries and Letters of Anne Morrow Lindbergh, 1939–1944
, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980.

Littlewood, John E.,
Collected Papers of J. E. Littlewood, Edited by a Committee Appointed by the London Mathematical Society
, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982.

Love, Rosaleen, “Alice in Eugenics-Land: Feminism and Eugenics in the Scientific
Careers of Alice Lee and Ethel Elderton,”
Annals of Science
, vol. 36, no. 2, 1979, pp. 145–58.

Lovelace, Ada, “Notes by the Translator” (of “Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage,” by L. F. Menabrea), in Morrison and Morrison, pp. 245–97.

Lowan, Arnold N., “The Computational Laboratory at the National Bureau of Standards,”
Scripta Mathematica
, vol. 15, 1949, pp. 33–63.

Lush, J., “Early Statistics at Iowa State University,” in Bancroft (1972), pp. 211–26.

MacDonald, Dwight,
Henry Wallace: The Man and the Myth
, New York, Garland Publishing, 1947.

Mack, Pamela, “Strategies and Compromises: Women in Astronomy at Harvard College Observatory, 1870–1920,”
Journal of the History of Astronomy
, vol. 21, 1990, pp. 65–75.

MacLane, Saunders, “The Applied Mathematics Group at Columbia in World War II,” in Duren, pp. 485–515.

MacPike, Eugene Fairfield, ed.,
The Correspondence of Edmond Halley
, Oxford, U.K., Clarendon Press, 1932.

MacRobert, Alan, “Halley in the Distance,”
Sky and Telescope
, vol. 106, no. 6, December 2003, p. 24.

Magnello, M. Eileen, “The Non-correlation of Biometrics and Eugenics: Rival Forms of Laboratory Work in Karl Pearson's Career at University College London, Part 1,”
History of Science
, vol. 37, no. 2, 1999, pp. 79–106.

“Malcolm Morrow,”
Washington Post
, April 23, 1982, p. B18.

Marcus, L., “A Mathematical Match: Olga and John Todd,”
Caltech News
, no. 25, February 1991, pp. 6–7.

Marsden, Brian, “Crommelin, A. C. D.,”
Dictionary of Scientific Biography
, New York, Scribners, 1970, vol. 3, pp. 472–73.

Martin, Ernst,
Die Rechenmaschinen
, 1925, translated and edited by Peggy Kidwell and Michael Williams as
The Calculating Machines: Their History and Development
, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1992.

“Mary Clem,”
Iowa State University Faculty Newsletter
, vol. 25, no. 20, February 2, 1979, p. 179.

Masani, Pesi Rustom,
Norbert Wiener, 1894–1964
, Basel, Birkhäuser, 1990.

Maskelyne, Nevil,
The British Mariner's Guide Containing Complete and Easy Instructions for the Discovery of Longitude at Sea
, London, 1763.

Maskelyne, Nevil, “Preface,”
Nautical Almanac for 1767
, London, J. Nourse, J. Mount and T. Page, 1767.

“Mathematical Research,”
Bell Laboratories Record
, vol. 1, 1925–26, pp. 15–18.

Mathematical Tables Project,
Tables of the First Ten Powers
, New York, WPA, 1939.

Maunder, E. Walter,
The Royal Observatory Greenwich
, London, Religious Tract Society, 1900.

Mayer, Tobias,
Tabulae Motuum Solis et Lunae Novae et Correctae
, London, J. Nourse, J. Mount and T. Page, 1770.

Mayer, Tobias,
Theoria Lunae Juxta Systema Newtonianum
, London, J. Nourse, J. Mount and T. Page, 1767.

McCartney, Scott,
ENIAC: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer
, New York, Walker, 1999.

McCullough, David,
Truman
, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1992.

McLeish, John,
Number
, New York, Fawcett, 1991.

McLendon, Winzola, “She Corrects Computers,”
Washington Post
, March 19, 1962, p. B3.

McShane, Edward, John L. Kelly, and Franklin Reno,
Exterior Ballistics
, University of Denver Press, 1953.

Meadows, A. J.,
Greenwich Observatory
, vol. 2, London, Taylor and Francis, 1975.

Messier, Charles, and Matthew Maty, “A Memoir, Containing the History of the Return of the Famous Comet of 1682 …,”
Philosophical Transactions (1683–1775)
, vol. 55, 1765, pp. 264–325.

Metropolis, N., and E. C. Nelson, “Early Computing at Los Alamos,”
Annals of the History of Computing
, vol. 4, no. 4, October 1982, pp. 348–57.

Metropolis, Nicholas, J. Howlett, and Gian-Carlo Rota, eds.,
A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century
, London, Academic Press, 1980.

Miller, Frederick, and Howard Gillette,
Washington Seen: A Photographic History, 1875–1965
, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.