When Computers Were Human (69 page)

76
. “Clara Froelich,”
The Reporter
; Nancy Persily, interview with the author, June 4, 1998; Murray Pfefferman to John von Neumann, March 5, 1952, NEUMANN; Farebrother,
A Memoir on the Life of Harold Thayer Davis
; Croarken,
Early Scientific Computing in Britain
(1990), p. 23.

77
. Abramowitz and Stegun,
Handbook of Mathematical Functions
, p. vi; “Dr. Abramowitz, Standards Unit Mathematician,”
Washington Evening Star
; Wrench, “Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs and Mathematical Tables.”

78
. Quoted in Pugh,
Building IBM
, p. 275.

79
. Ceruzzi,
A History of Modern Computing
, p. 145.

80
. The book is uncopyrighted and has been reprinted in many forms and many languages. The two most popular editions are distributed by Dover Press and by the U.S. Government Printing Office. Between these two editions, the book has sold about 1.2 million copies.

81
. Gertrude Blanch, interview by Henry Thatcher in San Diego, March 17, 1989, STERN.

82
. Eisenman,
History of Mathematical Statistics Research
, p. 6; Sterling, “Blond Fashion Designer”; “Biography for Gertrude Blanch, Federal Woman's Award,” LBJ.

83
. McLendon, “She Corrects Computers.”

84
. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, NARA, Papers of Lyndon Johnson, vol. 1, 1963, p. 330.

85
. Federal Woman's Award.

E
PILOGUE
:

F
INAL
P
ASSAGE

1
. Yeomans, “Comet Halley—The Orbital Motion” (1977).

2
. Donald Yeomans, personal communication with the author, July 2002.

3
. Stern,
From ENIAC to UNIVAC
, p. 149.

4
. Donald Yeomans, personal communication with the author.

5
. Yeomans, “Comet Halley—The Orbital Motion”; Hughes, D. W., “The History of Halley's Comet.”

6
. Hughes, D. W., “The History of Halley's Comet.”

7
. Donald Yeomans, personal communication with the author.

8
. MacRobert, “Halley in the Distance.”

Research Notes and Bibliography

A
BBREVIATIONS

CBI
Charles Babbage Institute

CORNELL
Rare and Manuscript Collections, Carl Kroch Library, Cornell University

GIRTON
Girton College Archives

HUA
Harvard University Archives

ISU
Iowa State University Special Collections and University Archives

LBJ
Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library

LOC
Manuscript Collections, Library of Congress

MTAC
Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation

NARA
National Archives and Records Administration

NAS
National Academy of Sciences Archives

RAS
Royal Astronomical Society Library

P
RIMARY
S
OURCES AND
M
ANUSCRIPT
C
OLLECTIONS

ALMANAC
Records of the Nautical Almanac, Record Group 78.4, NARA

ALUM
Alumnae Letters, Alumni Directories, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan

AMP
Records of the Applied Mathematics Panel, 1942–46, Record Group 227, NARA

ASTIN
Papers of Allen Astin, LOC

ATANASOFF
Papers of John Vincent Atanasoff, ISU

ATT
Research Records of Bell Telephone Laboratories, ATT Archives

BAE
Records of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Record Group 83, NARA

BENTLEY
Records of the Mathematics Department, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan

BERKELEY
Papers of Edmund Berkeley, CBI

BLANCH FBI
Federal Bureau of Investigation File: Gertrude Blanch, Freedom of Information Act Request

BLANCH NYU
Records of Washington Square College, New York University Archives

BRIGGS
General Correspondence, Lyman J. Briggs, 1931–62, Office Files, Records of National Bureau of Standards, Record Group 167, NARA

CBC
Papers of Frances Cave-Browne-Cave, GIRTON

COAST-SURVEY
Records of the Coast Survey, Record Group 23, NARA

DAHLGREN
Papers of John Adolphus Dahlgren, LOC

ECKERT
Papers of Wallace J. Eckert, CBI 9, CBI

ELECTRODATA
Records of ElectroData Corporation, Burroughs Corporation Collection, CBI

FROELICH
Papers of Clara Froelich, Barnard College Archives

GREENWICH
Papers of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, Cambridge University

HARVARD ELIOT
Records of President Eliot, UA 1.5.150, HUA

HARVARD OBS
Records of the Harvard Observatory, UA 630, HUA

HAW
Papers of Henry Wallace, University of Iowa

IOWA MATH
Records of the University of Iowa Mathematics Department, University of Iowa Archives

ISU-ADMIN
Administrative Records of Iowa State University, ISU

IU BRYAN
Papers of W. L. Bryan, Indiana University Archives

JEFFERSON
Thomas Jefferson Papers, LOC

LOWAN
Papers of Arnold Lowan, Yeshiva University Archives

MANHATTAN
Records of the Chief of Engineers, Manhattan Engineer District, Record Group 77, NARA

MARTIN
Papers of Artemas Martin, Special Collections, American University Library

MAUCHLY
Papers of John Mauchly, University of Pennsylvania

MICHIGAN
Records of the Registrar, University of Michigan

MOORE
Papers of Joshua Moore, LOC

MORSE
Papers of Philip Morse, MIT Archives

MTP AMP
Files of Certain Contractors, Applied Mathematics Panel Records, 1942–46, E-153, Records of the Office for Scientific Research and Development, Record Group 227, NARA

MTP ONR
Records of the Office of Naval Research, box 77, Record Group 298, NARA

MTP WPA
Administrative Records of the Math Tables Project of New York City, 1940–42, Project 365-97-3-11 and 765-97-3-10, Records of the WPA (FERA), Record Group 69, NARA

NBS
Records of National Bureau of Standards, Record Group 167, NARA

NBS DIRECTOR
Directors Correspondence, Records of the Director, Records of the National Bureau of Standards, Record Group 167, NARA

NEUMANN
Papers of John von Neumann, LOC

NEWCOMB
Papers of Simon Newcomb, LOC

NEYMAN
Files relating to Jerzy Neyman, Applied Mathematics Panel, Records of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, Record Group 227, E 153, NARA

NMAH
Files of Computing Collection, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

NORTHWEST
Papers of Walter Dill Scott, Northwestern University Archives

NRC-MATH
Files on the Committee on Applied Mathematics, Physical Science Division Records, National Research Council, NAS

NRC-MTAC
Files on the Subcommittee on the Bibliography of Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, Physical Science Division Records, National Research Council, NAS

NRC-PS
Files of the Executive Council, Physical Science Division Records, National Research Council, NAS

NWU DAVIS
Papers of Harold T. Davis, Northwestern University Archives

OBSERVATORY-LOC
Papers of the U.S. Naval Observatory, LOC

OBSERVATORY-NARA
Records of the U.S. Naval Observatory, Record Group 78.4, NARA

ORDNANCE
Records of the Department of Ordnance, Record Group 156, NARA

PEARSON
Papers of Karl Pearson, University College Special Collections, University of London

PENNSYLVANIA
Records of the Moore School, UPD 8, University of Pennsylvania Archives

SAB
Files of the Scientific Advisory Board, National Research Council Records, NAS

SHAW
Papers of George Bernard Shaw, British Library

SMITHSONIAN
Interviews with Computer Pioneers, Record Group 196, Smithsonian Archives Center, National Museum of American History

STERN
Papers of Gertrude Blanch, Stern Family Collection, CBI

STIBITZ PAPERS
Papers of George Stibitz, Dartmouth College Library

TODD
Papers of John Todd, California Institute of Technology Archives

TOLLEY
Papers of Howard Tolley, 1923–28, Entry 125, BAE

UCLA ADMIN
Records of the University Chancellor, UCLA, Record Series 359, University Archives, UCLA

UC PHYSICS
Records of the University of Chicago Physics Department, University of Chicago Archives

UPTON PAPERS
Papers of Winslow Upton, John Hay Library, Brown University

VEBLEN
Papers of Oswald Veblen, LOC

WCE
Records of the World's Columbian Exposition, Special Collections, Harold Washington Library Center

WEAVER
Papers of Warren Weaver, Rockefeller Foundation Archives

WILSON PAPERS
Papers of Elizabeth Webb Wilson, Schlesinger Library, Harvard University

I
NTERVIEWS

Bartky, Ian

Dyson, Freeman

Gaylin, Miriam

Goldstine, Herman H.

Hillman, Abraham

Issacson, Eugene

Lozier, Daniel

Olver, Frank

Persily, Nancy

Salzer, Herbert

Stegun, Irene

Stern, David and Debra

Todd, John

Yowell, Everett

S
ECONDARY
S
OURCES AND
B
IBLIOGRAPHY

Abbe, Cleveland, “Charles Schott,”
Biographical Memoirs, National Academy of Sciences
, vol. 8, 1915, pp. 87–133.

Abbott, David,
Astronomers
, New York, Peter Bedrick, 1984.

Aberdeen Proving Ground, Annual Reports, Records of the Department of Ordnance, Record Group 156, NARA.

Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Report 12, “The range firing section of the proof department, Aberdeen Proving Ground. Its objects, its development and its accomplishments,” Aberdeen, Md., Army Ballistics Research Laboratory, Technical Reports of Aberdeen Proving Ground, 1918–20, ORDNANCE.

Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Report 84,
History of the Range Firing Section of the Proof Department of the Aberdeen Proving Ground
, Aberdeen, Md., Army Ballistics Research Laboratory, Technical Reports of Aberdeen Proving Ground, 1918–20, ORDNANCE. (Veblen presumed author.)

Abramowitz, Milton, and Irene Stegun,
Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs and Mathematical Tables
, Washington, D.C., National Bureau of Standards, 1964.

Adams, Henry,
Education of Henry Adams
, Project Gutenberg, 2000,
ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext00/eduha10.txt
.

Addams, Jane,
Twenty Years at Hull House
(New York, MacMillan, 1912), Project Gutenberg, 1998,
ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext98/20yhh10.txt
.

Aiken, Howard, “Proposed Automatic Calculating Machine” (unpublished memorandum, 1938), in Cohen and Welch, pp. 9–30.

Aiken, Howard, and Grace Hopper, “The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator—I” (1946), in Randell, pp. 203–9.

Aiken, Howard, and Grace Hopper, “The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator—III” (1946), in Randell, pp. 216–22.

Alder, Ken,
Engineering the Revolution
, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1997.

Alder, Ken,
The Measure of All Things
, New York, Free Press, 2002.

Alder, Ken, “A Revolution to Measure: The Political Economy of the Metric System in France,” in
The Values of Precision
, Wise, M. Norton, ed., Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1995, pp. 39–71.

American Statistical Association, “Membership List, 1840,”
Journal of the American Statistical Association
, vol. 35, no. 209, pt. 2, March 1940, pp. 305–8.

Andrews, E. C., “Telephone Switching and the Early Bell Laboratories Computers,”
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
, vol. 4, no. 1, January 1982, pp. 13–19.

Andrews, William, ed.,
The Quest for Longitude
, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University, 1996.

Archibald, R. C., “BAASMTC vol. 1,”
MTAC
, vol. 2, no. 16, 1946, p. 122.

Archibald, R. C., “Conference on Advanced Computation Techniques,”
MTAC
, vol. 2, no. 14, April 1946, pp. 65–68.

Archibald, R. C., “Introduction,”
MTAC
, vol. 1, no. 1, January 1943, pp. 1–2.

Archibald, Raymond Claire,
Mathematical Tables Makers
, New York, Scripta Mathematica Series Number 3, 1948.

Archibald, R. C., “The New York Mathematics [
sic
] Tables Project,”
Science
, vol. 96, no. 2491, September 25, 1942, pp. 294–96.

Archibald, Raymond Claire, “P. G. Scheutz, Publicist, Author, Scientific Mechanician and Edvard Scheutz—Biography and Bibliography,”
MTAC
, vol. 18, April 1947, pp. 238–45.

Archibald, Raymond Claire, “Reviews,”
American Mathematical Monthly
, vol. 28, nos. 6/7, June–July 1921, pp. 266–67.

Archibald, Raymond Claire, “Reviews,”
American Mathematical Monthly
, vol. 31, no. 7, September 1924, pp. 348–49.

Archibald, Raymond Claire, “Tables of Trigonometric Functions in Non-Sexagesimal Arguments,”
MTAC
, vol. 1, no. 2, April 1943, pp. 33–44.

Aron, Cindy, “‘to Barter Their Souls for Gold': Female Clerks in Federal Government Offices, 1862–1890,”
Journal of American History
, vol. 67, no. 4, March 1981, pp. 835–53.

Ashworth, William, “The Calculating Eye: Baily, Herschel, Babbage and the Business of Astronomy,”
British Journal of the History of Science
, vol. 27, pp. 409–41.

Aspray, William, ed.,
Computing before Computers
, Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 1990.

Aspray, William,
John von Neumann and the Origins of Modern Computing
, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1990.