The Good and Evil Serpent (184 page)

______. “Myth, Mythology,”
Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible
, ed. G. Buttrick et al. New York, Nashville: Abingdon, 1962; vol. 3, pp. 481–87.

______. “Mythic Thought in the Ancient Near East,”
Journal of the History of Ideas
16 (1955) 422–26.

______. “Sharper Than a Serpent’s Tooth: A Canaanite Charm Against a Snakebite,”
The Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University
7 (1975) 33–51.

______. “The Ugaritic Charm Against Snakebite: An Additional Note,”
The Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University
2 (1980) 43–44.

Gauer, W. “Konstantin und die Geschichte zu den ‘Spolien’ am Konstantinsbogen und zur Schlangensäule,”
Panchaia
[Festschrift K. Thraede], ed. M. Wacht. Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum Ergänzungsband 22. Münster: Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1995; pp. 131–40.

Gerber, Ch. “Die Schlange auf der Tonkugel,” in
Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte Vorderasiens [Festschrift M. Boehmer]
, ed. U. Finkbeiner et al. Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1995; pp. 175–76. [This work is focused on the serpent relief in the Uruk-Sammlung in Heidelberg.]

Gerhard, H. “Über agathodämon und bona dea,”
Akademie der Wissenschaften
(24 June 1847) 461–99.

Gerke, F.
Spätantike und Frühes Christentum
. Kunst der Welt. Baden-Baden: Holle Verlag, 1980 [original is 1967]; see esp. p. 30 [serpent with Adam and his wife, Chamber of the Good Sherperd, Coemeterium maius in Rome, early third cent.
CE
], p. 81 [Jonah expelled by a large serpent-dragon (not a fish), Aquileia, fourth cent.
CE
], and p. 235 [discussion of serpent symbolism].

Ghazal, E.
Schlangenkult und Tempelliebe: Sakrale Erotik in archaischen Gesellschaften
. Berlin: Simon and Leutner Verlag, 1995; see esp. the illustrations on p. 79 [the uraeus], p. 80 [serpents from various cultures], 81 [serpent image from Elam (c. 3500
BCE
)], p. 83 [two serpent priestesses], p. 85 [Na-gakal serpent stone], p. 124 [a serpent priestess from Crete, c. 1500
BCE
], p. 148 [a nude “female dancer” with a serpent as a phallus].

Giedion, S.
The Eternal Present: The Beginnings of Art
. Bollingen Foundation Series 35.6.1. New York: Pantheon Books, 1962; see esp. pp. 308–309 [a line-drawing of a serpent from Le Baume-Latrone, France, c. 40,000 to 26,000 BCE, the earliest evidence of serpent iconography].

Gimbutas, M.
The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe 6500–3500 B.C
. Berkeley, 1982 [rev. ed.].

______.
The Language of the Goddess
. New York: Harper & Row, 1989.

Ginzberg, H. L. “Did Anath Fight the Dragon?”
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
84 (1941) 12–14.

Ginzberg, L.
Die Haggada bei den Kirchenvätern und in der apokryphischen Litteratur
. Berlin: S. Calvary & Co., 1900; see esp. pp. 59–60.

______.
The Legends of the Jews
, 7 vols., trans. H. Szold. Philadephia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1909; see esp. vol. 5, pp. 40–42, 71–86.

Girardi, M. “Il cervo in lotta col serpente: Esegesi e simbolica antiariana
nell’Omelia sul Salmo 28
di Basilio di Cesarea,”
Annali di Storia dell’ Esegesi
4 (1987) 67–85.

Gittin, S., T. Dotan, and J. Naveh, “A Royal Dedication Inscription from Tel Miqneh/Ekron,”
Qadmoniot
30 (1997) 38–43 [Hebrew]. [A cobra hammered out of fine gold, and in the Egyptian style, probably from the seventh century
BCE
, was discovered at Tel Miqneh/Ekron.]

Giversen, S., and B. A. Pearson, trans. “The Testimony of Truth,” in
The Nag Hammadi Library
, ed. J. M. Robinson. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1977; pp. 406–16.

Glasson, T. F.
Moses in the Fourth Gospel
. Naperville, Ill.: A. R. Allenson, 1963.

Glay, M. Le, “Abraxas,” in
Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae
1.1, pp. 2–7 [see the bibliography]; see the photographs in
LIMC
1.2, Illus. 6–14.

______. “Aion,” in
Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae
1.1, pp. 399–411 [see the bibliography]; see the photographs in
LIMC
1.2, pp. 315-19.

Gočeva, Z. “Hygieia,” in
Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae
5.1, pp. 554–73 [bibliography]; see the photographs in
LIMC
5.2, Plates 380-95.

Goedicke, H. “The Snake in the Story of the Shipwrecked Sailor,”
Göttinger Miszellen
39 (1980) 27–31.

Goff, B. L.
Symbols of Prehistoric Mesopotamia
. New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 1963.

Golan, A. “Snake Water,”
Myth and Symbol: Symbolism in Prehistoric Religions
, trans. R. Schneider-Teteruk. Jerusalem: n.p., 1991; see esp. pp. 101–14.

Goldberg, A. “Kain: Sohn des Menschen oder Sohn der Schlange,”
Judaica
25 (1969) 203–21; reprinted in Goldberg,
Gesammelte Studien I
Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum 61; Tübingen: Mohr (Siebeck), 1997; pp. 275–88.

Golowin, S.
Drache, Einhorn, Oster-Hase und anderes phantatisches Getier
. Basel: Sphinx Verlag, 1994.

Goodenough, E. R.
Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period
, 13 volumes. Bollingen Series, 37. New York: Pantheon Books, 1953.

Goodison, L., and C. Morris, eds.
Ancient Goddesses: The Myths and the Evidence
. London: British Museum Press, 1998; see esp. “Uncoiling Images: Minoan ‘Snake Goddesses’?,” pp. 123–25.

Goodspeed, E. J.
Die ältesten Apologeten: Texte mit kurzen Einleitungen
. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1914.

Goppelt, L.
Typos
. Gütersloh: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellshaft, 1939. [reprinted Darmstadt, 1969]; see p. 220.

Gordon, C. H. “Leviathan: Symbol of Evil,” in
Biblical Motifs, Origins and Transformation
, ed. A. Altman. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966; pp. 1–9.

______.
Ugaritic Literature
. Rome: Pontificum Institutum Biblicum, 1949.

Gorelick, L., and E. Williams-Forte, eds.
Ancient Seals and the Bible
. Malibu, Calif.: Undena, 1983.

Görg, M.
Aegyptiaca—Biblica
. Ägypten und Altes Testament 11. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1991; see esp. pp. 252–71: “Das Wort zur Schlange (Gen 3, 14f): Gedanken zum sogenannten Protoevangelium.” [See next entry.]

______. “Die ‘Sünde’ Salomos: Zeitkritische Aspekte der jahwistischen Sünden-fallerzählung,”
Biblische Notizen
16 (1981) 42–59; Görg, “Weisheit als Provokation: Religionsgeschichtliche und theologische Aspekte der Sün-denfallerzählung,” in
Die Kraft der Hoffnung [Festschrift J. Schneider]
(Bamberg: St.-Otto-Verf., 1982); pp. 19–34.

______. “Das Wort zur Schlange (Gen 3, 14f): Gedanken zum sogenannten Proto-evangelium,”
Biblische Notizen
19 (1992) 121–40.

Gosse, B. “L’écriture de Gn 3, le serpent dualité de la femme et de l’homme,”
Biblische Notizen
98 (1999) 19–20.

Gossen, H., and Steier, A. “Schlange,”
Pauly-Wissowa
Suppl. 2.3. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzlersche, 1921; cols. 494–557.

Gourbillon, J.-G. “La parabole du serpent d’airain et la ‘lacune’ du ch. III de l’Évangile selon S. Jean,”
Vivre et Penser
2 (1942) 213–26 [=
RB
N.S. 5152 (1942)]

Graepler-Diehl, U. “Eherne Schlange,”
Lexicon der christliche Iconographie
(1968) 583–86.

Grafman, R. “Bringing Tiamat to Earth,”
Israel Exploration Journal
22 (1972) 47–49.

Granshinietz, “Agathodämon,”
Pauly-Wissowa
Suppl. 3 (1918) 37–59.

Grant, R. M.
Gnosticism: A Source Book of Heretical Writings from the Early Christian Period
. New York: Harper & Row, 1961; see esp. pp. 52–59, 89–92, 104–15 [for a translation of Ophite sources].

Graves, R., and R. Patai.
Hebrew Myths: The Book of Genesis
. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.

Gray, J.
I and II Kings: A Commentary
. The Old Testament Library. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1964 [2nd ed.]; see esp. pp. 669–71.

______.
Near Eastern Mythology
. London and New York: Hamlyn, 1969.

Greaves, S. W. “Wordplay and Associative Magic in the Ugaritic Snake-bite Incantation RS 24.244,”
Ugarit-Forschungen
26 (1994) 165–67.

Green, M. J.
Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend
. London: Thames and Hudson, 1992, reprinted 1997; see esp. p. 149 [Mercury], pp. 169–70 [phallus], pp. 194–95 [serpent], and pp. 195–96 [ram-horned snake].

Greenman, E. F.
Guide to Serpent Mounds
. Columbus: Ohio Historical Society, 1964.

Gressmann, H. “Der Zauberstab des Moses und die eherne Schlange,”
Zeitschrift für Vereins für Volkskunde
23 (1913) 18–35. [Gressmann claimed that Moses’ staff became the raised copper serpent.]

Grether, O., and J. Fichtner, “Die Schlange im AT,”
TWNT
5 (1954) 571–75.

Grimm, J.
Teutonic Mythology
, 4 vols., trans. J. S. Stallybrass. London, 1888 [4th ed.].

Grimme, E. G.
Europäische Malerei im Mittelalter
. Ullstein Kunstgeschichte 12. West Berlin: Ullstein Bücher, 1963; see esp. Fig. 5 [the serpent in Eden] and Illus. 14 [serpent like a woman in Eden].

Gruber, J. R.
Die Ophiten
. Würzburg, 1864.

Gruenthaner, M. J. “The Demonology of the Old Testament,”
Catholic Biblical Quarterly
6 (1944) 6–27. [Gruenthaner thought that the “Serpent who plays such a sinister part in the fall of our first parents is the first principle of evil which we encounter in the Bible” (see p. 7)].

Grzimek, F. “Die Riesenschlangen,” in
Grzimeks Tierleben
. Zürich, 1971; vol. 6, p. 371.

Gubernatis, A. de.
Zoological Mythology: The Legends of Animals
, 2 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1872 [reprinted by Singing Tree Press, 1968]; see esp. pp. 388–420: “The Serpent and the Aquatic Monster.”

Guiley, R. E.
Harper’s Encyclopedia of Mystical and Paranormal Experience
. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1991.

Gunkel, H.
The Stories of Genesis: A Translation of the Third Edition of the Introduction to Hermann Gunkel’s Commentary on the Book of Genesis
, ed. W. R. Scott, trans. J. J. Scullion. Vallejo, Calif.: BIBAL, 1994.

Güterbock, H. G. “Le mot hittite hartaggas ‘serpent’,”
Revue Hittite et Asianique
6 (1941) 102–09. [The meaning of
hartaggas
has not been clear. Now, in light of its appearance on a tablet found at Bogazköy in 1933, the noun probably denotes a snake.]

Hall, H. R.
The Ancient History of the Near East
. London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1913; see esp. p. 485. [Hall also suggested that Moses’ staff was also the upraised copper serpent.]

Halliday, W. R.
Greek Divination: A Study of Its Methods and Principles
. London: Macmillan, 1913; see esp. pp. 82–91.

Hallo, W. W., and J. J. van Dijk.
The Exaltation of Inanna
. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1968.

Hambly, W. D.
Serpent Worship in Africa
. Field Museum of Natural History Anthropological Series, Vol. XXI, no. 1. Chicago: Field Museum Press, 1931; note esp. pp. 56–67: “The Question of an External Origin of African Serpent Beliefs.”

Hamilton, M.
Incubation or the Cure of Disease in Pagan Temples and Christian Churches
. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., 1906; see esp. pp. 1–79 [on the cult of Asclepius].

Hammond, P. C. “The Snake Monument at Petra,”
American Journal of Arabic Studies
1 (1973) 1–29.

Hampton-Cook, E. “The Serpent in Eden (Gen. iii),”
Expository Times
18 (19061907) 287.

Hanauer, J. E.
Folklore of the Holy Land: Moslem, Christian, and Jewish
. London: Sheldon Press, 1907, 1935; see esp. pp. 211–13, 268.

Handy, L. K. “Serpent (Religious Symbol),”
The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary
. New York: Doubleday, 1992; rpt. New Haven; vol. 5, pp. 1113–16.

Hankey, V. “A Snake Vase in Stone from a Late Bronze Age Temple at Amman,”
Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts, Archaeologischer Anzeiger
82 (1967) 298–302. [The vase may have originated in Mesopotamia.]

______. “Imported Vessels of the Late Bronze Age at High Places,”
Temples and High Places in Biblical Times
, ed. A. Biran. Jerusalem: Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology of Hebrew Union College—Jewish Institute of Religion, 1981; pp. 108–17.