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Animal Life in Palestine: An Introduction to the Problems of Animal Ecology and Zoogeography
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Bodenheimer, F. S., and W. S. McCullough, “Serpent,”
Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible
4 (1962) 298–91.

Bodson, L. “Les grecs et leurs serpents: Premiers résultats de l’étude taxonomique des sources anciennes,”
L’Antiquité Classique
50 (1981) 57–78.

______. “Nature et fonctions des serpents d’Athéna,” in
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______. “Observations sur la vocabulaire de la zoologie antique: Les noms de serpents en grec et en latin,”
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Boelicke, U., et al.
Museum: Römisches Museum Köln
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Boessneck, J. “Schlangen,”
Die Tierwelt des Alten Ägypten
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Böhl, M. Th. “Die Sichem-Plakette: Protoalphabetische Schriftzeichen der Mittelbronzezeit vom
Tell Balata,” Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins
61 (1938) 1–25. [In an MB II stratum a large serpent was found. It is depicted moving from the earth to the prudenta of a goddess; see Plate I.]

Böhmer, R. M. “Stierkopf und Schlange: Die archaische Siegelabrollung W.22150,”
Bagdader Mitteilungen
12 (1981) 7–8.

Boismard, M. É., et al.
L’Évangile de Jean: Études et Problèmes
. Recherches Bibliques, 3. Louvain: Desclée de Brouwer, 1958.

Bon, C. “Schlangengifte und Heilmittel,” in
Schlangen
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Bonnet, H. “Schlange,”
Reallexicon der Ägyptischen Religionsgeschichte
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Bonsirven, J. “Les aramaïsmes de S. Jean l’Évangeliste,”
Biblica
30 (1949) 40532. [See esp. the grave monument of Lucius Poblicius and his family, which shows a serpent in a tree.]

Boraas, R. S. “Of Serpents and Gods,”
Dialog
17 (1978) 273–79.

Bordreuil, P. “Des Serpents et des Dieux: Magie et divinités syriennes dans le mythe ougartique de ‘Horon et les serpents,’ “
Annales Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes
34 (1984) 183–88.

Borgen, P. “Some Jewish Exegetical Traditions as Background for Son of Man Sayings in John’s Gospel [Jn 3, 13–14 and context],”
L’Évangile de Jean
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Bornkamm, G. “Ophiten,”
Pauly-Wtssowa
35 (1939) cols. 654–58.

Böttinger, ? “Über die vorgeblichen Schlangen am Merkuriusstabe,”
Amalthea
1 (1820) 104–16.

Boulnois, J.
La caducée et la symbolique dravidienne indo-méditeranéenne de l’arbre, de la pierre, du serpent et de la déesse mère
. Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve, 1989.

Bouquet, A. C.
Sacred Books of the World
. London: Cassell, 1962.

Bourke, J. G.
The Snake Dance of the Moquis of Arizona
. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1884.

Bousset, W.
Hauptprobleme der Gnosis
. Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments 10. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1907 [reprinted in 1973]; see esp. the section on Ophites.

Bowman, C. H., and R. B. Coote. “A Narrative Incantation for Snake Bite,”
Ugarit-Forschungen
12 (1980) 135–39.

Bradley, D. G.
A Guide to the World’s Religions
. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963.

Breasted, J. H.
Ancient Records of Egypt
. Chicago: n.p., 1927.

Brentjes, B. “Zur Rolle der Schlange in den alten Kulturen des ostmediteranen Raumes,”
Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Friedrich Schiller-Universität
19 (1970) 731–46.

Briggs, C. A.
Messianic Prophecy: The Predictions of the Fulfillment of Redemption Through the Messiah
. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1886; reprint, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1988.

Bright, J.
History of Israel
. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1981 [3rd ed.]; see esp. p. 127.

Brilliant, R.
Pompeii—AD 79: The Treasury of Rediscovery
. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc., 1979.

Brock-Utne, A. “ ‘Der Fiend’: Die alttestamentliche Satangestalt im Lichte der sozialen Verhältnesse des Nahen Orients,”
Klio
28 (1935) 219–37.

Brommer, F. “Herakles und Hydra auf attischen Vasenbildern,” in
Marburger Winckelmann-Programm
, 1949; see esp. p. 7.

Broshi, M. “ ‘The Serpents’ Pool and Herod’s Monument Reconsidered,”
Cathedra
55 (1990) 3–7 [Hebrew]. [Broshi argues that the serpents’ pool was located northwest of the present Damascus Gate.]

______. “ ‘The Serpents’ Pool and Herod’s Monument—A Reconsideration,”
Maarav
8 (1992) 213–22. [This publication is a revision of the article that appeared in
Cathedra
55.]

Buchanan, B. “A Snake Goddess and her Companions: A Problem in the Iconography of the Early Second Millennium B.C.,”
Iraq
32 (1970) 1–18. [The snake goddess examined is probably not related to the Cretan snake goddesses, and the role of the object is uncertain.]

Buchholz, H.-G. “Furcht vor Schlangen und Umgang mit Schlangen in Altsyrien, Altkypros und dem Umfeld,”
Ugarit-Forschungen
32 (2000) 37–168 [a major survey with twenty-five illustrations of serpent images].

Buchler, I. R., and K. Maddock, eds.
The Rainbow Serpent: A Chromatic Piece
. World Anthropology. Paris: Mouton Publishers, 1978; see esp. p. 77.

Budde, K.
Die biblische Paradiesesgeschichte
. Giessen: A. Topelmann, 1922.

Budge, E. A. W.
Egyptian Language: Easy Lessons in Egyptian Hieroglyphics
. New York: Dover, 1976; see p. 33 [the hieroglyphic for “goddess” is a cobra
naja haje]
.

______.
The Gods of the Egyptians
. 2 vols. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co., 1904. [The Egyptians thought the molting serpent represented eternal life.]

______.
Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection
, 2 vols. London: Philip Lee Warner and New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1911.

Buisson, R. du Mesnil du. “Le grand serpent Babi Dieu … le père des Sardes,”
Nouvelles études sur les dieux et les mythes de Canaan
. EPRO 33; Leiden: Brill, 1973; pp. 228–40.

Bulfinch, T.
Myths of Greece and Rome
. [Originally published as
The Age of Fable
(n.c., n.p., n.d.).] New York: Penguin, 1981.

Bunn, J. T. “Origin of the Caduceus Motif,”
Journal of the American Medical As-soaation
202.7 (1967) 163–67.

Buonaventura, W.
Die Schlange vom Nil: Frauen und Tanz im Orient
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Burkert, W.
Greek Religion
, trans. J. Raffan. Oxford: Blackwell, 1985.

______.
Ancient Mystery Cults
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Burkitt, F. C. “On ‘Lifting up’ and ‘Exalting,’ “
Journal of Theological Studies
20 (1918/1919) 336–38.

Burland, C., and W. Forman.
Gefiederte Schlange und Rauchender Spiegel
, trans. H. Schmidthüs. Freiburg, Basel: Herder, 1977. [The English original was published in London: Orbis, 1975.]

Burns, R. “Jesus and the Bronze Serpent,”
Bible Today
28 (1990) 84–89.

Burrow, J. A. “The Serpent,”
Methodist Quarterly Review
70, no. 4 (October 1921) 720–27.

Burton, T.
Serpent-Handling Believers
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Busch, H., and G. Edelmann, eds.
Etruskische Kunst
, introduction and discussion of pictures by W. Zschietzsmann. Frankfurt: Umschau Verlag, 1969.

Busch, P.
Der gefallene Drache: Mythenexegese am Beispiel von Apokalypse 12
. Texte und Arbeiten zum neutestamentlichen Zeitalter 19. Tübingen and Basel: A. Francke, 1996.

Buschan, G. “Tiere im Kult und im Aberglauben des nordischen Kulturkreises,”
Ciba Zeitschrift
8 (1942) 3016.

Busse, U. “Die Tempelmetaphorik als ein Beispiel von implizitem Rekurs auf die biblische Tradition im Johannesevangelium,”
The Scriptures in the Gospels
, ed. C. M. Tuckett. Leuven: Leuven University Press and Peeters, 1997; pp. 395–428.

Butterworth, E. A. S.
The Tree at the Navel of the Earth
. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1970.

Cahn, H. A. “Asklepios,”
Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae
, 1.1, pp. 863–901 [and bibliography]; also see the photographs in
LIMC
, and 2.2, Plates 631–69.

Calvet, J., and M. Cruppi.
Les animaux dans la littérature sacrée
. Paris: Fernand Ianore, 1956; esp. pp. 17–19, 173–76.

Campbell, J.
Occidental Mythology
, 3 vols. New York: Viking Press, 1964. [Campbell demonstrates why the interpretation of the serpent as a phallic imagery is often inappropriate.]

______.
The Hero with a Thousand Faces
. Bollingen Series 17. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1949.

______.
The Mythic Image
. Bollingen Series 100. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974.

______.
The Power of Myth
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Campbell, L. A. “Snake,” in
Mithraic Iconography and Ideology
. Études Préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l’empire Romain 11. Leiden: Brill, 1968; pp. 13–22.

Cansdale, G. “The Serpent in the Wilderness and Other Reptiles,”
Animals of Bible Lands
. Exeter: Paternoster Press, 1970; pp. 194–211.

Carnochan, F. G., and H. C. Adamson.
Das Kaiserreich der Schlangen
. Zürich and Leipzig, 1938.

Carrasco, D.
Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire: Myths and Prophecies in the Aztec Tradition
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.

Carson, D. A. “John and the Johannine Epistles,” in
It Is Written: Scripture Citing Scripture: Essays in Honour of B. Lindars
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Carstensen, R. “Christus als Arzt, Christus als Apotheker,”
Cesra-Säule
11/12 (1963) 252–55.

Carus, P.
The History of the Devil and Idea of Evil
. New York and Avenel, N.J.: Gramercy Books, 1996.

Cassuto, U.
The Goddess Anath
, trans. I. Abrahams. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1971.

Castigliono, A. “The Serpent as Healing God in Antiquity,”
Ciba Symposia
3 (1942) 1164.

Catastini, A. “4Q Sam
^a
: II. Nahas il ‘Serpente,’ “
Henoch
6 (1988) 17–49. [In contrast to the traditional version of 1 Sam 10:27b-11:2a, the readings in 4Q Sam
^a
show an interest in the Ammonite King named Nachash, “the serpent.” The Qumran text has an addition between 1 Sam 10:27 and 11:1 that is not found in the BHS but is mirrored in Josephus (Ant 6.68–71).]

Caton, R.
The Temples and Ritual of Asklepios at Epidauros and Athens
. London: C. J. Clay and Sons, 1900 [2nd ed.].

Cauville, S.
Essai sur la théologie du temple d’Horus à Edfou
, 2 vols. Bibliothèque d’Étude 102. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire, 1987.

______.
La théologie du temple d’Horus à Edfou
. Bibliothèque d’Étude 91. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire, 1983.

Cazenave, M., ed.
Encyclopédie des symboles:
Encyclopédies d’aujourd’hui, trans. F. Périgaut, G. Marie, and A. Tondat. N.c: Le Livre de Poche, 1996 [originally published as: Biedermann, H.
Knaurs Lexikon der Symbole
. Munich: Knaur, 1989].

Cazier, P. “Du serpent et de l’arbre de la connaissance: Lectures patristiques (Philon, Grégoire de Nysse, Jean Chrysostome, Augustin),”
Grahè
4 (1995) 73–103.