The Good and Evil Serpent (188 page)

______.
Lexikon der Götter und Dämonen: Namen, Funktionen, Symbole/ Attribute
. Stuttgart: Kröner, 1984.

______. “Schlange,” in
Lexikon der Götter und Symbole der alten Ägypter
. Bern, Munich: Scherz, 1987 [rev. ed]; pp. 176–77.

______. “Schlange,” in
Wörterbuch biblischer Bilder und Symbole
. Munich: Kösel (1990) [4th ed.]; pp. 318–20.

______.
Symbol Mythos und Legende in der Kunst
. Studien zur Deutschen Kunstgeschichte 314. Baden-Baden: Valentin Koerner, 1984 [2nd ed.].

Macalister, R. A. S., and W. Dever.
Gezer II
. Jerusalem: Hebrew Union College/ Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, 1974. [A serpent was found at Gezer; it apparently belongs to the LB stratum; p. 399 and Fig. 488.]

MacCulloch, J. A.
The Celtic and Scandinavian Religions
. London: Constable, c. 1948.

______. “Serpent-Worship: Introduction,”
Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics
, ed. J. Hastings. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark and New York: Charles Scrib-ner’s Sons, 1920 [1962]; vol. 11, pp. 399–411.

MacKenzie, D. A.
Egyptian Myth and Legend
. New York: Bell, 1978.

Maggiani, A., ed.
Artigianato artistico
. Milan: Electa Editrice, 1985. [Illus. 68 depicted on a funeral urn is a god killing a serpent (second cent.
BCE
), Illus. 72 shows a demon with anguepedes on a funeral urn (late second cent.
BCE
).]

Mähly, J.
Die Schlange im Mythus und Cultus der classischen Völker
. Der Naturforsch. Gesellschaft von Basel zur Feier ihres 50j Bestehens gewidmet von der historischen Gesellschaft. Basel, 1867. N.V.

Malandra, W. W., ed.
An Introduction to Ancient Religion: Readings from the Avesta and the Achaemenid Inscriptions
. Minnesota Publications in the Humanities 2. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983.

Malinowski, B.
Myth in Primitive Psychology
. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., 1926.

Maneschg, H.
Die Erzählung von der ehernen Schlange (Num 21, 4–9) in der Auslegung der frühen jüdischen Literatur: Eine traditionsgeschichtliche Studie
. Europäische Hochschulschriften Reihe 23, Theologie 157. Frankfurt am Main: Peter D. Lang, 1981.

Mann, A. T., and J. Lyle.
Sacred Sexuality
. The Sacred Arts. Shaftesbury, Dorset and Rockport, Mass.: Element, 1995.

Mann, J.
Murder, Magic, and Medicine
. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992; see esp. p. 39.

Marchadour, A., ed.
Origine et postérité de l’évangile de Jean
. Association Catholique Française pour l’Étude de la Bible, Lectio Divina 143. Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1990.

Marcuzzi, L., and M. Zanette.
Aqvileia
. Aquileia: Società per la Conservazione della Basilica di Aquileia, 1993; see esp. p. 20 [a color photograph of the mosaic in which a large serpent-dragon swallows Jonah], p. 22 [the demon spits him out], p. 24 [a stork killing a snake above the depiction of Jesus as the Good Shepherd].

Maringer, J. “Die Schlange in Kunst und Kult der vorgeschichtlichen Menschen,”
Anthropos
72 (1977) 881–913. [This is a study of serpent images from the Paleolithic (at least 30,000 years before the present) to the Iron ages.]

Markschies, C.
Zwischen den Welten Wandern: Strukturen des antiken Christentums
. Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1997.

Marrs, R. “John 3.14–15: The Raised Serpent in the Wilderness: The Johannine Use of an Old Testament Account.”
Johannine Studies
, ed. J. E. Priest. Malibu, Calif.: Pepperdine University Press, 1989; pp. 132–47.

Marshack, A.
The Roots of Civilization: The Cognitive Beginnings of Man’s First Art, Symbol and Notation
. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972; see esp. Fig. 97 [a serpent from the Upper Magdalenian], 100 [a serpent, also Upper Magdalenian], 109 [a forked-tongued viper], 118 [a symbolic snake].

Martinek, M.
Wie die Schlange zum Teufel Wurde: Die Symbolik in der Paradiesgeschichte von der hebräischen Bibel bis zum Koran
. Studies in Oriental Religions 37. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1996.

Martinez, F. G.
The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The Qumran Texts in English
, trans. W. G. E. Watson. Leiden and New York: Brill, and Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1996 [2nd ed.]; see esp. pp. 330–31.

Martyn, J. L.
History and Theology in the Fourth Gospel
. Nashville: Abingdon, 1968 [2nd ed.].

Mathers, S. L. M.
The Kabbalah Unveiled
. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1926; reprint, London and New York: Arkana, 1991.

Matthäus, H.
Der Arzt in römisher Zeit: Literarische Nachrichten—archäologische Denkmäler
, ed. by Ph. Filtzinger. Stuttgart: Württembergischen Landesmuseums Stuttgart, 1987; see the 47 illustrations, of which many feature physicians and Asclepius with serpents.

May, H. G.
Material Remains of the Megiddo Cult
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935. [A serpent was found on a vase from a tomb dating from MB or LB; see Plate 22 (P4327).]

______. “The Sacred Tree on Palestine Painted Pottery,”
Journal of the American Oriental Society
59 (1939) 251–59.

Mazar, B. “The Middle Bronze Age in Palestine,”
Israel Exploration Journal
18 (1968) 65–97.

Mazis, G. A.
The Trickster, Magician and Grieving Man: Reconnecting Men with Earth
. Santa Fe, N.M.: Bear & Company, 1993.

Mbiti, J.
African Religions and Philosophy
. New York: Praeger, 1969.

McCasland, S. V. “The Asklepios Cult in Palestine,”
Journal of Biblical Literature
57 (1939) 221–27.

McConnel, U. “The Rainbow-Serpent in North Queensland,”
Oceania
1 (1930) 347–48.

McCown, C. C. “The Goddess of Gerasa,”
Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research
13 (1933) 129–66.

McCullough, W. S. “Serpent,”
Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible
4. Nashville: Abingdon, 1962; pp. 298–91.

McEwan, G. J. “
^d
Muŝ and Related Matters,”
Orientalia
52 (1983) 215–29.

McGinn, B.
The Foundations of Mysticism: Origins to the Fifth Century
. The Presence of God: A History of Western Christian Mysticism, vol. 1. New York: Crossroad, 1994.

McNally, S. “The Maenad in Early Greek Art,” in
Women in the Ancient World: The Arethusa Papers
, ed. J. Peradotto and J. P. Sullivan. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984; pp. 107–41. [Although not focused on the serpent, the study does present images of maenads with serpents (see esp. Figs. 3, 8, and 10).]

McPhee, I, “Ladon,” in
Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae
6.1, pp. 176–80 [with bibliography]; see the photographs in
LIMC
6.2, Plates 81–85.

Mead, G. R. S.
Thrice-Greatest Hermes: Studies in Hellenistic Theosophy and Gnosis
, 3 vols. [This book was originally published in 1904; a reset third impression appeared in London: J. M. Watkins, 1964.]

Mecquenem, R. de “Inventaire de cachets et de cylindres,”
Revue d’Assyriologie et d’Archeologie Orientale
22 (1925) 1–13.

Medhi, B. K. “Snake Goddess Marai of the Pati Rabhas of Assam,”
Eastern Anthropologist
37 (1984) 159–64.

Meeks, W. A.
The Prophet-King: Moses-Traditions and the Johannine Christology. Novum Testamentum
Supplements 14. Leiden: Brill, 1967.

Meier, C. A.
Antike Inkubation und moderne Psychotherapie
. Zürich: Rascher Verlag, 1949.

______. “Asklepios,”
The Encyclopedia of Religion
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Meier, J. “A kaga oder der Schlangenaberglaube bei den Eingeborenen der Blanche-bucht (Neupommern),”
Anthropos
3 (1908) 1005–29.

Meier-Seethaler, C.
Von der göttlichen Löwin zum Wahrzeichen männlichere Macht: Ursprung und Wandel grosser Symbole
. Zürich: Kreuz, 1993.

Mercer, S. A. B.
Horus: Royal God of Egypt
. Grafton, Massachuttes: Society of Oriental Research, 1942.

______.
The Pyramid Texts in Translation and Commentary
. New York, London, and Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co., 1952; see esp. vol. 1, pp. 188–89, 230–33, 235–39, 302–5, 318–19. [the symbol of the serpent frequently conflates with a bull].

______.
The Pyramid Texts in Translation and Commentary
. New York, London, and Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co., 1952; see esp. vol. 2, pp. 712–13, 730–31, 950–53.

Merhav, R. “The Stele of the ‘Serpent Goddess’ from Tell Beit Mirsim and the Plaque from Shechem Reconsidered,”
Israel Museum Journal
4 (1985) 2742. [Merhav correctly points out that Albright’s suggestion (in
BASOR
31 [1928]) that a stele found at Tell Beit Mirsim shows a serpent coming out of the ground is misleading.]

Merkelbach, R. “Drache,” in
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4 (1959) 226-50.

______.
Mithras: Ein persisch-römischer Mysterienkult
. Wiesbaden: Albus, 1998; see esp. p. 91, and Plates 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 50, 51, 52, 54, 65, 66, 70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 90, 91, 95, 116, 117, 143, 144, 146, 149, 152, 153, 157, 160, 161, 162, 164, and 169. Merloni, G.
Saggi di Filologia
Semitica. Rome, 1913; see esp. pp. 234–36, “Una serpe azdita.”

Mertz, B. A.
Dein archetypisches Tier
. Munich: Ariston Verlag, 1997.

Meshel, Z. “Did Yahweh Have a Consort?”
Biblical Archaeology Review
5 (1979) 24–35.

Meshorer, Y.
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. Dix Hills, N.Y.: Amphora Books, 1982.

______.
Ancient Jewish Coinage, Volume II: Herod the Great Through Bar Cochba
. Dix Hills, N.Y.: Amphora Books, 1982.

Messadié, G.
The History of the Devil
, trans. M. Romano. London: Newleaf, 1996. [The work was originally published in France in slightly different form in 1993 as
Histoire générale du Diable
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Mettinger, T. N. D. “Seraphim,”
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Meyer, M. W.
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. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1987.

Meyer, W. with H. and R. Bukor.
100x Archäologie
. Vienna, Zürich: Bibliographisches Institut Mannheim, 1983; see esp. pp. 5–6 [Laocoon], pp. 86–87 [Artemis temple in Ephesus], pp. 90–91 [Pergamon friese in East Berlin], p. 136 [Faience statute of a “goddess” holding two serpents, from Knos-sos], pp. 142–43 [Asclepius and Hygieia], pp. 158–59 [Apollo with a serpent].

Meyers, C.
Discovering Eve: Ancient Israelite Women in Context
. New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1988; see esp. pp. 90–93.

Michalowski, K.
L’Art de l’ancienne Egypte
. L’Art et les grandes civilisations. Paris: Mazenrod, 1968.

Milburn, R. L. P.
Early Christian Art and Architecture
. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988; reprinted in Aldershot, England: Wildwood House, 1989.

Mildenberg, L., ed.
The Abraham Bromberg Collection of Jewish Coins
, 2 parts. Zürich: Bank Leu Numistics, 1991–199; see esp. vol. 1, pp. 12 [Herod the Great’s bronze coin with winged caduceus], p 14 [Herod Archelaus’ bronze coin with caduceus]; vol. 2, p. 9 [Herod the Great’s bronze with winded caduceus (superb example)].

Miles, M. R. “Adam and Eve and Augustine,”
Christianity and Crisis
48 (1988) 347–49.

Milgrom, J.
Numbers
. The JPS Torah Commentary. Philadelphia and New York: The Jewish Publication Society, 1990.

Miroschedji, P. de. “Le dieu Élamite au serpent et aux eaux jaillissantes,”
Iranica Antiqua
16 (1981) 1–25, 11 Plates.

Moberly, W. “Did the Serpent Get it Right?”
Journal of Theological Studies
, N.S. 39 (1988) 1–27.

Moeller, W. O.
The Mithraic Origin and Meanings of the Rotas-Sator Square
. Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l’Empire Romain 38. Leiden: Brill, 1973.

Mohr, G. H. “Schlange,”
Lexikon der Symbole
. Düsseldorf and Cologne: Eugen Diedrichs, 1971; pp. 255–57 [also the introduction on pp. 9–16].