The Good and Evil Serpent (189 page)

Moloney, F. J.
The Johannine Son of Man
. Rome: LAS, 1976.

Montet, P. “Le jeu du serpent,”
Chronique d’Egypte
30 (1955) 189–97. [An image of a serpent, when formed into a circle by winding it from its head in the center to its tail on the circumference and often with three lions and three lionesses, represents a game played by Egyptians in antiquity.]

Montford, C.P. “The Rainbow-Serpent Myths of Australia,” in
The Rainbow Serpent
, ed. I. R. Buchler and K. Maddock. Paris: Mouton, 1978; pp. 23–97.

Montgomery, J.A.
Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur
. Philadelphia: University Museum, 1913.

______.
A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Books of Kings
. The International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1951; see esp. pp. 500–01.

______. “A Magical Bowl Text and the Original Script of the Manicheans,”
Journal of the American Oriental Society
32 (1912) 43–48.

______. “Some Early Amulets from Palestine,”
Journal of the American Oriental Society
31 (1911) 272–81.

Moor, J. C. de. “East of Eden,”
Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
100 (1988) 105–11.

Mosheim, J.
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. 1746. N.V.

Muehly, J.
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Müller, U. B.
Die Geschichte der Christologie in der johanneischen Gemeinde
. Stuttgarter Bibelstudien 77. Stuttgart: KBW Verlag, 1975.

Müller-Karpe, H.
Geschichte der Steinzeit
. Augsburg: Bechtermünz Verlag, 1998. [The author claims that the serpent image appears in Egypt around 3000
BCE
(Plate 14). We have seen that serpent iconography is present in the Neolithic Age or from 8000 to 3000
BCE
(Plates 20 and 21). B. Mundkur shows cobras that date from about 13,000
BCE
. One should also see B. Johnson, who, in
Lady of the Beasts
, argues for a serpent image from La Baume-Latrone that is 40,000–26,000
BCE
, and esp. Gedion, who supplies the scientific data for the serpent art.]

Mundkur, B.
The Cult of the Serpent: An Interdisciplinary Survey of Its Manifestations and Origins
. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983; see esp. p. 17 [three undulating “cobras” etched on a Mammoth tooth, c. 13,000
BCE
].

______. “The Cult of the Serpent in the Americas: Its Asian Background,”
Current Anthropology
17 (1987) 429–55.

Murison, R. G. “The Serpent in the Old Testament,”
American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
21 (1905) 115–30.

Murray, A. S.
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. New York and Avenel, N.J.: Wings Books, 1989 [2nd ed.; originally published as
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(n.c.: n.p., 1874)].

Nebehay, C. M.
Wien: Speziell, Architektur und Malerei um 1900
. Vienna: Verlag Christian Brandstätter, 1983. [See esp. p. which presents a painting by Gustav Klimt (1899) entitled
Nuda veritas
. It depicts a nude woman with red hair and with a serpent around her feet. Also see p. 1/12, which is a depiction by Gustav Klimt (1931) of Hygieia with a large serpent curled around her right arm and drinking out of a bowl in her left hand.]

Nelson, J. B., and S. P. Longfellow, eds.
Sexuality and the Sacred: Sources for Theological Reflection
. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1994.

Nestle, E. “Generation of Vipers,”
Expository Times
23 (1911–1912) 185. [John the Baptizer and Jesus use the expression “generation of vipers” to denote that the ones targeted “are not ordinary serpents, but venomous vipers.”]

______. “Otterngezüchte,”
Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft
14 (1913) 267–68. [The Greek noun,
echidnön
, used by John the Baptizer and Jesus echoes the LXX of Isa 11:8; it denotes
semen serpentis inimicum
or
semini muleris
, and evil vipers; see the publication by U. Treu.]

Nettleship, A. “The Problem of Symbolism in Medicine, Primitive and Greek Era Symbols in Relationship to Modern Scientific Medicine,”
Bull. Sign. Hist. Sci. Tech
. 17 (1963) 513–15.

Neumann, E.
The Great Mother: An Analysis of the Archetype
. Bollinger Foundation Series 47. New York: Pantheon Books, 1955.

Neusner, J.
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. Nashville: Abingdon, 1989.

Newberry, P. E. “A Statue and a Scarab,”
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
19 (1933) 53–54, Plate X.

Ninck, M.
Die Bedeutung des Wassers in Kult und Leben der Alten: Eine symbolgeschichtliche Untersuchung
. Philologus, Supplementband XIV, Heft 11. Leipzig: Dietrich, 1921.

Nissenson, M., and S. Jonas.
Snake Charm
. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1995. [This book is full of illustrations of the snake and the discussion is focused.]

Niwinski, A. “The 21st Dynasty Religious Iconography Project Exemplified by the Scene with Three Deities Standing on a Serpent,”
Akten des Vierten Internationalen Ägyptologen Kongresses München 1985
, ed. S. Schoske. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur Beihefte 3; Hamburg, 1989; pp. 305–14.

Nock, A. D. “Religious Symbols and Symbolism II,”
Arthur Darby Nock: Essays on Religion and the Ancient World
, ed. Z. Stewart. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972; pp. 895–907.

______. “Two Notes,”
Vigilae Christianae
3 (1949) 48–56.

Noth, M.
Die Welt des Alten Testaments
. Berlin: A. Topelmann, 1962.

Nougayrol, J.
Cylindres-Sceaux et empreintes de cylindres trouvés en Palestine au cours de fouilles regulières
. Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique 33. Paris: P. Geuthner, 1939.

Nowak, V., trans.
Der Schlangenknabe: Georgische Volksmärchen
. Moscow, 1977.

Nunn, J. F.
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
. London: British Museum Press, 1996.

Ogdon, J. R. “Studies in Ancient Egyptian Magical Thought IV: An Analysis of the ‘Technical’ Language in the Anti-Snake Magical Spells of the Pyramid Texts,”
Discussions in Egyptology
13 (1989) 59–71.

Oldham, C. F.
Ophiolatreia
. Privately printed, 1889.

______.
The Sun and Serpent: A Contribution to the History of Serpent-Worship
. London: Archibald Constable & Co., Ltd., 1905.

Oliver, J. A.
Snakes in Fact and Fiction
. New York: Macmillan, 1958.

Olson, D. T.
Numbers
. Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching. Louisville, Ky.: John Knox Press, 1996; see esp. pp. 135–38.

Osing, J. “Sprüche gegen die … Schlange,”
Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo
43 (1987) 205–10.

Osten, H. Henning von der.
Die Welt der Perser
. Grosse Kulturen der Frühzeit. Stuttgart: Gustav Kilpper Verlag, 1956. [See Plate 29, which shows a bronze idol, like the one in the JHC Collection (Fig. 16 in the present book), but here the demon holds the two serpents by the throat; from Luristan (p. 276).]

Otto, W. F.
Die Götter Griechlands: Das Bild des Göttlichen im Spiegel des griechischen Geistes
. Frankfort: G. Schulte-Bulmke, 1929.

Page, S. H. T.
Powers of Evil: A Biblical Study of Satan and Demons
. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 1995.

Pagels, E.
Adam, Eve, and the Serpent
. New York: Random House, 1988; paperback New York: Vintage Books (1989).

______. “Adam and Eve and the Serpent in Genesis 1–3,”
Images of the Feminine in Gnosticism
, ed. K. L. King. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1988; pp. 412–23.

______.
Satan in the New Testament Gospels
. The Loy H. Witherspoon Lectures in Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina, Charlotte. Charlotte: University of North Carolina, Charlotte, 1994.

Pailler, J. M. “La vierge et le serpent,”
Mélanges de l’École Française de Rome: Antiquité
109 (1997) 513–75.

Pancaro, S.
The Law in the Fourth Gospel. Novum Testament
Supplements 42. Leiden: Brill, 1975; see esp. p. 333.

Paper, J. “The Meaning of the ‘T’ao-T’ieh,”
History of Religion
18 (1978) 18–37.

Parâssoglou, G. M. “A Christian Amulet Against Snakebite,”
Studia Papyrologica
13 (1974) 107–10 [P. Yale Inv. 1792].

Pardee, D. “Philological and Prosodic Analysis of the Ugaritic Serpent Incantation UT 607,”
Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University
10 (1978) 73–108.

Paribeni, E. “Harmonia,” in
Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae
4.1, pp. 412–14 [bibliography]; see the photographs in
LIMC
4.2, Plates 238–40.

______. “Harmatidas,” in
Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae
4.1, pp. 412–14 [bibliography]; see the photographs in
LIMC
4.2, Plates 163–87.

Parrinder, G.
African Mythology
. New York: P. Bedrick Books, 1986 [rev. ed.]; see esp. pp. 56–65.

______.
The Hebrew Goddess
. New York: KTAV, 1967.

Patai, R. “The Goddess Asherah,”
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
24 (1965) 37–52.

Patte, D.
Early Jewish Hermeneutic in Palestine
. Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series 22. Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, 1975; see esp. pp. 218ff.

Paul-Stengel, C.
Schlangenspuren: Reptilen und ihre Bedeutung in der Kulturgeschichte
. Königstein/Taunus: Ulrike Helmer Verlag, 1996; see the following Illus.: p. 21 [a serpent on a cross], p. 22 [Hermes], p. 48 [Moses with the upraised serpent], p. 132 [Aborigine serpent], p. 157 [expulsion from Eden], p. 177 [a woman’s face and breasts, with a serpent’s body].

Pederson, J. “Wisdom and Immortality,”
Wisdom in Israel and in the Ancient Near East
, ed. M. Noth and D. W. Thomas. Supplements to
Vetus Testa-mentum
3. Leiden: Brill, 1960; pp. 238–46.

Pelton, R. W., and K. W. Carden.
Snake Handlers: God-Fearers or Fanatics?
New York and Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1974. [See the book by W. La Barre.]

Perrot, A. “L’homme aux serpents,”
Syria
28 (1951) 57–61.

Perrot, N.
La représentation de l’arbre sacré sur les monuments de Mésopotamie et d’Elam
. Paris: P. Geuthner, 1937.

Peters, H. von Stokar, “Zur Herkunft des Äskulapstabes,”
Therapeutische Berichte
16 (1939) 57–60.

Petrie, F.
Ancient Gaza I
. Jerusalem: British School of Archeology, 1931. [More than two vessels with serpents were discovered from the MB stratum; see Plate 35 and pp. 9–10, 112–13.]

Philastrius.
Diversarum Herseon Liber
. Corpus Christianorum Series Latina 9. Turnholt: Typographi Brepolis Editores Pontificii, 1957.

Phillips, E. A. “Serpent Intertexts: Tantalizing Twists in the Tales,”
Bulletin for Biblical Research
10 (2000) 233–45.

Philo.
De Agricultura
, in
Philo 3
, trans. F. H. Colson and G. H. Whitaker. Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann and New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1930; see esp. pp. 156–65.

Philpott, J. H.
The Sacred Tree, or the Tree in Religion and Myth
. New York: Macmillan, 1897; see esp. pp. 15–23. [The perennial tree, like the serpent, renews itself each year, thus symbolizing rebirth.]

Piankoff, A., trans.
Mythological Papyri
. 2 vols., ed. N. Rambova. Bollingen Series 15, 3, Parts 1/2. New York: Pantheon Books, 1957.

Piccione, P. A. “Mehen, Mysteries, and Resurrection from the Coiled Serpent,”
Journal of the American Center in Egypt
27 (1990) 43–52. [The
mbn
game was a means of transformation to rebirth.]

Picot, J.-P. “Genèse et récits contemporains de contre-utopie: Eve et le serpent,” in
La Bible: Images, Mythes et Traditions
. Cahiers de l’Hermétisme. Paris: Albin Michel, 1995; pp. 45–60.

Piddington, R. “The Water-Serpent in Karadjeri Mythology,”
Oceania
1 (1930) 352–76.

Pietschmann, R. “Asklepios,”
Pauly-Wissowa
4 (Stuttgart: J. B. Metzlersche, 1896) cols. 1642–69.

Piggot, J.
Japanese Mythology
. London, 1969.