The Good and Evil Serpent (190 page)

Pinney, R.
The Animals in the Bible
. Philadelphia, New York: Chilton Books, 1964; see esp. pp. 17–18, 173–76.

Piperov, P. “Die Symbolik der Schlange bei den biblischen Schriftstellern,”
Jb. der geistlichen Akademie
32 (Sofia, 1957) 369–90.

Plantinga, C. Jr. “Christ, the Snake,”
Perspectives
6 (1991) 14–15. Pleyte, C. M. “Die Schlange im Volksglauben der Indonesier,”
Globus
65 (1894) 95–100.

Poignant, R.
Oceanic Mythology: The Myths of Polynesia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Australia
. London: Hamlyn, 1967.

Pope, M. “The Scene on the Drinking Mug from Ugarit,” in
Near Eastern Studies in Honor of William Foxwell Albright
, ed. H. Goedicke. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins Press, 1971; pp. 393–405.

Popham, M. R. “ ‘Snakes and Ladders’ at Knossos: The Shifting Late Minoan Stratigraphy,”
Kadmos
13 (1974) 11–23.

Porada, E.
Corpus of Ancient Near Eastern Seals in North American Collections
. Vol. 1. The Collection of the Pierpont Morgan Library. New York: Pantheon Books, 1948.

______. “A Man with Serpents,” in
Von Uruk nach Tuttul [Festschrift E. Strommenger]
, ed. B. Hrouda et al. Munich and Vienna, 1992; pp. 171–75 and Plates 72–78. [In the Cincinnati Art Museum is a figure of a nude man with two fish hanging from a neck ring that fits below his beard. His arms are bound by four snakes that come from behind him; two snakes curl to face his beard and the heads of two more appear above his waist.]

Potter, E. S.
Serpents in Symbolism, Art and Medicine
. Santa Barbara, Calif., 1937.

Pottier, E.
L’art Hittite
, 2 vols. Paris: P. Geuthner, 1926–1931.

______. “Draco,”
Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines d’après les textes et les monuments
. Paris: Librairie Hachette et C
^IE
, 1892; vol. 2.1, pp. 403–14.

______.
Man and Images in the Ancient Near East
. The Frick Collection: Anshen Transdisciplinary Lectureships in Art, Science, and the Philosophy of Culture, Monograph 4. Wakefield, R.I., and London: Moyer Bell, 1995; see esp. pp. 39–46, 63.

Preston, P.
Metzler Lexikon Antiker Bildmotive
, trans. S. Bogutovac and K. Brodersen. Stuttgart: Weimer, 1997 [English original appeared in 1983]; see esp. pp. 165–69.

Price, I. M.
The Great Cylinder Inscriptions A and B of Gudea
. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1899 [King Gudea of Lagash linked the bull with the serpent and represented them at the portal of a temple; see Cylinder A, col. 26, lines 24–25.]

Prigent, P.
L’image dans le Judaisme du II
^e
au VI
^e
Siècles
. Le monde de la bible 24. Geneva: Labors et Fides, 1991.

Pritchard, J. B.
Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament
. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1950. [For an image of a serpent related to worshipping Nabu, see p. 331.]

______.
The Ancient Near East in Pictures Relating to the Old Testament
. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1954. [For LB and Iron I depictions of a goddess holding serpents; see nos. 470–74.]

______.
The Bronze Age Cemetery at Gibeon
. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1963. [Jugs with serpents were found in the Hyksos stratum.]

______.
Palestinian Figurines in Relation to Certain Goddesses Known Through Literature
. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1943.

Probatake, Th. M.
. Thessaloniki: n.p., 1980; see esp. pp. 131–67, 306–25 [original English =
The Devil in Byzantine Imagination
. Thessalonika, 1980; see esp. pp. 131-67].

Provera, M. “Il tema e culto del serpente nella tradizione biblica e profana,”
Bibbia e Oriente
166 (1990) 209–214. [In Jn 3:14 the serpent symbolism is positive (p. 213). Ophiolatria is the most ancient, widespread, and important of human traditions (p. 214).]

Prury, A. de.
Homme et animal dieu les créa: Les animaux et l’ancien testament
. Genève: Labors et Fides, 1993.

Quinones, R. J.
The Changes of Cain: Violence and the Lost Brother in Cain and Abel Literature
. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991.

Radbill, S. X. “The Symbolism of the Staff of Aesculapius as Illustrated by Medical Bookplates,”
Journal of the Albert Einstein Medical Center
10 (1962) 108–19.

Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. “The Rainbow Serpent Myth in South-East Australia,”
Oceania
1 (1930) 342–46.

Rawlinson, A. “Nàgas and the Magical Cosmology of Buddhism,”
Religion
16 (1986) 135–53.

Rèau, L.
Iconographie de l’art chrétien
. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1958.

Reeve, M. D. “A Rejuvenated Snake,”
Acta Antiqua: Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
37 (1996/1997) 245–58.

Reichel-Dolmatoff, G.
Amazonian Cosmos: The Sexual and Religious Symbolism of the Tukano Indians
, trans. G. Reichel-Dolmatoff. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.

Reifenberg, A.
Ancient Hebrew Seals
. London: East and West Library, 1950.

Reinach, S. “Divinités Gauloises au Serpent,”
Revue Archéologique
65 (1911) 221–56.

______. “Le Serpent et la Femme,”
L’Anthropologie
16 (1905) 178–80. [Reinach’s “new” exegesis of Genesis 3 is to perceive the miseries of menstruation and childbirth on the daughters of Eve by pointing out that in Iran menstruation is deemed to be caused by demons, esp. Angra Manyu, who is symbolized by the serpent.]

______. “Zagreus, le serpent cornu,”
Revue Archéologique
3rd Ser. 35 (1899) 210–17. [At the heart of Orphism is the birth, death, and resurrection of Zagreus who appears inconographically as a serpent with a small crown.]

Reitzenstein, R.
Poimandres
. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1904; see esp. pp. 81–101 [for Ophites].

Rengstorf, K. H.
Die Anfänge der Auseinandersetzung zwischen Christusglaube und Asklepiosfrömigkeit
. Münster: Verlag Aschendorff, 1953.

Renker, G.
Verkanntes Schlangenvolk
. Hameln and Hannover: Sponholz Verlag, 1966.

Renz, B. “Die kluge Schlange,”
Biblische Zeitschrift
24 (1938/39) 236–41.

______.
Der orientalische Schlangendrache: Ein Beitrag zum Verständnis der Schlange im biblischen Paradies
. Augsburg, 1930.

______. “Schlange und Baum als Sexualsymbole in der Völkerkunde,”
Archiv für Sexualforschung
1 (1915–1916) 341ff. [Renz interprets the serpent as a phallic symbol.]

Richards, L. O.
The Revell Concise Bible Dictionary
. Tarrytown, N.Y.: Fleming R. Revell Co., 1990.

Richardson, P. “Religion, Architecture, and Ethics: Some First Century Case Studies,”
Horizons in Biblical Theology
10 (1988) 19–49; see esp. pp. 2729 on the Asclepian cult.

Richter, W. “Schlange,”
Der Kleine Pauly
5 (1975) 12–17.

Ridgway, B. S. “The Plataian Tripod and the Serpent Columns,”
American Journal of Archaeology
81 (1977) 374–79.

Riley, G. J. “Demon,”
Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible
, ed. K. van der Toorn, B. Becking, and P. W. van der Horst. Leiden and Boston: Brill and Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999 [2nd ed.]; pp. 235–40.

Rinaldi, G. “Serpente di Bronzo,”
Enciclopedia Cattolica
. Vatican: Libro Cattolico, 1953; vol. 11, cols. 394–95.

Ringgren, H. “Handskrifterna frân Qumran,”
Symbolae Biblicae Upsalienses
15 (1956) 41ff.

______.
Israelite Religion
, trans. D. Green. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1966. [Ringgren argues that the serpent of Genesis 3 is to be identified with either El, the supreme god in the Ugaritic pantheon, or Baal, the god of lightning and storms.]

Ritter, H.
Die Schlange in der Religion der Melanesier
. Acta Tropica Suppl. 3. Basel, 1945; see esp. pp. 26–27, 65–68, 73–74.

Rivett-Carnac, J. R. “The Snake Symbol in India, Especially in Connection with the Worship of Siva,”
Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay
1 (1879) 17ff.

Rivinus, T. A.
Sive serpens iste antiquus seductor è Gen. seqq. ad mentem doctorum Judaeorum & Christianorum dissertatione inaugurali exhibi-tus
. Leipzig, 1686.

Robert, M. L. “Dans une maison d’Éphèse: Un serpent et un chiffre,”
Académie des Inscriptions & Belles-Lettres: Comptes Rendus
(1982) 126–32.

______. “Le serpent Glycon d’Abônouteichos à Athènes et Artémis d’Éphèse à Rome,”
Académie des Inscriptions & Belles-Lettres: Comptes Rendus
(1981) 513–35.

Roberts, M. J.
Mythologie der Wikinger
. Kettweg: Athenaion Verlag, 1997; for the serpent, see pp. 24, 45, 51, 56–57 [Jormungand, the serpent, swallowing his tail like Aion], 95, 99, 100, 104 [Jormungand again].

Robinson, E.
The Language of Mystery
. London: SCM Press, 1987 and Philadelphia: Trinity Press International, 1987.

Robinson, H. W. “Council of Yahweh,”
Journal of Theological Studies
45 (1944) 151–57.

Rock, J. F.
The Na-khi Nâga Cult and Related Ceremonies
. Series Orientale Roma 4/1.2. Rome: Is. M. E. O., 1952.

Roe, P. G. “Of Rainbow Dragons and the Origin of Designs: The Waiwal and Shipibo Ronin Ehua,”
Latin American Indian Literatures Journal
5 (1989) 1–67.

Röhrich, L.
“Die Sagen vom Schlangenbaum,” Sage und Märchen
. Freiburg: Herder, 1976; pp. 195–209.

______.
“Die Sagen vom Schlangenbaum” Festschrift für Kurt Ranke
. Göttingen, 1968; pp. 327–44.

______. “Schlange,”
Lexikon der sprichwörtlichen Redensarten
. Freiburg, Vienna: Herder, 1973; vol. 3, pp.
849–50
.

Roitman, A. “Crawl upon your belly’ (Gen 3.14): The Physical Aspect of the Serpent in Early Jewish Exegesis,”
Tarbiz
64 (1994) 157–82 [Hebrew; serpents with legs; see the many illustrations].

Römer, W. H. Ph., “Miscellanea Sumerologica III
^a
: Eine Beschwörung in sumerischer Sprache gegen die Folgen von Schlangend Hundebiß, sowie Skorpionenstich,”
Vom Alten Orient zum Alten Testament [Festschrift W. F. von Soden]
, ed. M. Dietrich and O. Loretz. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 240. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Butzon & Bercker Kevelaer, 1995; pp. 413–23.

Ronecker, J. P.
Le symbolisme animal: Mythes, croyances, légendes, archétypes, folklore, imaginaire
… St-Jean-de-Braye: Editions Dangles, 1994.

Roquefeuil, S. De. “Le serpent d’Asclépios-Esculape,”
Le bestiaire
, ed. P. Dehaye et al. Paris, 1974.

Ross, A.
Pagan Celtic Britain
. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, Ltd., 1967.

Rothenberg, B.
Timna
. London: Thames and Hudson, 1972.

Rouse, W. H. D.
Gods, Heroes, and Men of Ancient Greece: Mythology’s Great Tales of Valor and Romance
. New York and Scarborough, Ontario: Mentor, 1957.

Rousselle, E. “Drachen und Stute-Gestalten der mythischen Welt,”
Eranos-Jahrbuch 1934
. Zürich: Rhein-Verlag, 1935; pp. 11–33.

Rowe, A.
A Catalogue of Egyptian Scarabs, Scaraboids, Seals and Amulets in the Palestine Archaeological Museum
. Cairo, 1936.

______.
The Four Canaanite Temples of Beth-shan. Part I: The Temples and Cult Objects
. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1940. [A serpent with breasts was found in an LB stratum; see Plate 42A:2.]