Manufacturing depression (56 page)
Read Manufacturing depression Online
Authors: Gary Greenberg
144
“Shock therapy has thrust”
: Ibid., xiii.
144
One . . . patient, when coming out of coma
: Ibid., 42.
145
Walter Freeman
: El-Haj,
The Lobotomist.
145
doctors who used drugs
: Kalinowsky and Hoch,
Shock Treatments
, 200–216.
145
The various reflexes disappear
: Sakel, “The Methodical Use of Hypoglycemia in the Treatment of Psychoses,” 117.
146
“the therapeutic effect”
: Jessner and Ryan,
Shock Treatment
, 47; see also Cobb, “Review of Neuropsychiatry for 1938.”
146
the improvement “due to the patient’s experience”
: Jessner and Ryan,
Shock Treatment,
47.
146
“the mistakes in theory”
: Quoted in Kalinowsky and Hoch,
Shock Treatments,
229.
146
when Sakel noticed
: Sakel,
Schizophrenia
, 235.
146
when Cerletti concluded that he was getting better results
: Shorter and Healy,
Shock Therapy
, 79–82, 94–96.
147
“the results [with neurotics]”
: Kalinowsky and Hoch,
Shock Treatments
, 184.
148
“As treating physicians”
: Freeman, “Advantages Noted in Shock Therapy.”
148
“Indiscriminate use”
: Kalinowsky and Hoch,
Shock Treatments
, 185–86.
148
I am pleased to hear
: Wortis,
Fragments
, 113.
149
I said incidentally
: Ibid., 110.
149
Psychoanalysis
[
Freud said
]: Ibid.
149
“I said that in New York”
: Ibid., 111.
150
“what [Wortis] really wished”
: Ibid., 112.
150
“As Charcot [Freud’s early mentor]”
: Ibid., 138.
150
“secret love”
: Shorter and Healy,
Shock Therapy
, 84–92.
151
He made his own contribution to the method
: Kalinowsky and Hoch,
Shock Treatments,
37.
151
the program was terminated
: Shorter and Healy,
Shock Therapy
, 55.
151
“Pasteur of psychiatry”
: Shorter and Healy,
Shock Therapy
, 55–56; Laurence, “Psychiatrist Hits Misuse of Shocks.”
CHAPTER 8
Page
154
so is Prozac
: Kalia et al., “Comparative Study of Fluoxetine.”
158
MDMA has a very powerful effect
: For a comprehensive and readable guide to the neurochemistry of MDMA, see Malberg and Bronson, “How MDMA Works in the Brain.”
160
“expedites lingering parturition”
: Valenstein,
The War of the Soups and the Sparks,
40.
161
he experienced“an uninterrupted stream”
: Hofmann,
LSD: My Problem Child
, 47.
161
“I decided to conduct some experiments”
: Grof, “Stanislav Grof Interviews Dr. Albert Hofmann,” 22;
http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v11n2/11222gro.html
.
161
“I was open to the fact”
: Ibid., 24.
162
“Beginning dizziness”
: Hofmann,
LSD
, 48.
162
Every exertion of my will
: Ibid., 49.
163
“The effects were still”
: Ibid., 52.
163
“model psychoses”
: Stevens,
Storming Heaven,
11–12.
163
“spectacular, and almost unbelievable”
: Schmiege, “The Current State of LSD as a Therapeutic Tool,” 203.
164
“subjects appeared more interested”
: Rinkel et al., “Experimental Psychiatry II,” 884.
164
the CIA, which, upon hearing of LSD
: For this early history, see Stevens,
Storming Heaven
, 80–87.
164
“happy and dreamy feeling”
: Rinkel, DeShon, and Solomon, “Experimental Schizophrenia-like Symptoms,” 574.
164
“subjects became hostile”
: Rinkel et al., “Experimental Psychiatry II,” 883.
164
“By taking Delysid himself”
: Stevens,
Storming Heaven
, 12.
165
To make the trivial world sublime
: Ibid., 57.
165
bringing scientific research
: It’s not strictly illegal to conduct research with LSD or other illegal drugs, but the bar is set high. Researchers must pass muster with the Drug Enforcement Agency, which tends to be suspicious of people who want to use illegal drugs for any purpose. In the last five years, however, some scientists have succeeded at launching some small studies in which people take LSD.
166
Gaddum had gotten samples of serotonin
: Gaddum and Hameed, “Drugs Which Antagonize 5-hydroxytryptamine.”
166
“The cats became for a time”
: Green, “Gaddum and LSD,” 9.
166
Lysergic acid diethylamide
: Gaddum, “Antagonism between Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and 5-hydroxytryptamine,” 15P.
167
he finally “experienced some of the known effects”
: Green, “Gaddum and LSD,” 9.
167
“that the mental effects”
: Amin, Crawford, and Gaddum, “The Distribution of the Substance P,” 616.
167
that the mental changes
: Woolley and Shaw, “A Biochemical and Pharmacological Suggestion.”
168
“queer like a monstrous picture”
: Green, “Gaddum and LSD,” 10.
168
according to his daughter
: Healy,
The Creation of Psychopharmacology,
204.
168
We have all had wonderful dreams
: Thuillier,
Ten Years That Changed the Face of Mental Illness,
70–71.
CHAPTER 9
Page
172
“recurrent substance use”
: American Psychiatric Association,
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,
4th ed., text revision, 199.
173
“It is precisely those communities”
: Freud,
Civilization and Its Discontents
, 50–51.
174
Carlos Zarate
: Zarate et al., “A Randomized Trial of an n-methyl-D-aspartate Antagonist.”
175
“serendipitous discovery”
: Ibid., 856.
175
“a single dose [of ketamine]”
: Ibid., 857.
175
“play an important role”
: Ibid.
175
anesthesiologists and pain doctors have long noted
: See, for instance, Correll and Futter, “Two Case Studies of Patients with Major Depressive Disorder.”
176
they’ve been using the drug therapeutically
: For this history see “Ketamine,” Erowid website,
www.erowid.org/ketamine/
.
176
“perceptual disturbances, confusion”
: Zarate et al., “A Randomized Trial,” 861.
178
“I felt the hammer striking”
: Thuillier,
Ten Years,
106.
179
Ehrlich had tried a dye
: Bäumler,
Paul Ehrlich
, 39–41.
179
Pietro Bodoni, started to give methylene blue
: Healy,
Creation of Psychopharmacology
, 44–45.
179
“Patents had been obtained”
: Ibid., 45.
179
they had an overall effect that was interesting
: Ibid., 80.
180
One day, so the story goes
: Thuillier,
Ten Years
, 112.
180
In the corridors
: Ibid., 113.
180
“pharmacological lobotomy”
: Ibid., 109.
181
Chlorpromazine was slow to catch on
: Healy,
The Creation of Psychopharmacology,
83–85, 96–99.
182
the first test subject
: Broadhurst, interview.
182
Fortunately for them
: Kuhn, “The Imipramine Story,” 210.
182
“rode, in his nightshirt”
: Tansey and Christie, “Drugs in Psychiatric Practice,” 141.
183
he repeated the performance
: Kuhn, “The Treatment of Depressive States.”
183
psychiatrists compared him to Ichabod Crane
: Healy,
The Antidepressant Era,
57.
183
“bring a complete change”
: Kuhn, “The Treatment of Depressive States,” 462–63.
184
“a general retardation”
: Ibid., 459.
184
“Almost any neurotic symptom”
: Ibid., 462.
184
“had not been so well”
: Kuhn, “The Imipramine Story,” 216.
184
a “world-wide ignorance”
: Ibid., 212.
185
depression was too small a market
: Healy,
Antidepressant Era
, 56–59.
185
a story appeared
: Laurence, “Wide New Fields Seen for TB Drug,” 1, 3.
186
“an international wheeler-dealer”
: Tansey and Christie, “Drugs in Psychiatric Practice,” 145.