Manufacturing depression (57 page)
Read Manufacturing depression Online
Authors: Gary Greenberg
186
When an observant brat
: Kline, “Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors,” 194.
186
Rauwolfia serpentina
: Goenka, “Rustom Jal Vakil and the Saga of
Rauwolfia serpentina
,” 196.
187
the glaziers at his hospital
: Kline, “Use of
Rauwolfia serpentina
Benth. in Neuropsychiatric Conditions,” 121.
187
would relieve simple depression
: Kline, “Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors,” 197.
188
“immediately led me to speculate”
: Ibid., 198.
188
“Here indeed was a fairly unique situation!”
: Ibid., 200.
188
Kline arranged to testify
: Loomer, Saunders, and Kline, “Iproniazid: An Amine-Oxidase Inhibitor.”
188
“a side effect of an anti-tuberculosis drug”
: Harrison, “TB Drug Is Tried in Mental Cases.”
189
“a disease is what the medical profession recognizes”
: Jellinek,
The Disease Concept of Alcoholism,
12.
189
“On the antidepressant drugs”
: Rusk, “Drugs and Depression.”
189 “
eudaemonia
”: Laurence, “Drug Called a Psychic Energizer Found Useful in Treating Mental Illnesses.”
189
“moral and social implications”
: Kuhn, “Treatment of Depressive States,” 464.
189
“could improve ordinary performance”
: Laurence, “Drug Called a Psychic Energizer.”
190
“persistent moderate depression”: New York Times,
“Death of Woman Laid to ‘Pep Pills,’” April 11, 1958.
190
dose intended for “severe depression”: New York Times,
“City Agents Hunt Supplies of Drug,” April 12, 1958, 1.
190
“
DRUG INVESTIGATED IN 2 DEATHS IN CITY
”:
New York Times
, April 15, 1958, 1.
190
reports of jaundice
: Kline, “Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors,” 202.
191
“headline hunting”: New York Times,
“Physician Warns on Wonder Drugs,” April 13, 1960.
191
the roster of “wonder drugs”
: Ibid.
192
Even the Puritans
: Levine, “The Discovery of Addiction,” 144–46.
192
$14 billion a year
: That’s the drug czar’s estimate for 2008. It doesn’t include the costs of incarceration. See Office of National Drug Control Policy, “National Drug Control Strategy,”
http://www.whitehousedrug policy.gov/publications/policy/09budget/exec_summ.pdf
.
192
$14 billion is only a little more
: You can add it up yourself. See “Pharmacy Facts and Figures,” Drug Topics website,
http://drugtopics.modern medicine.com/drugtopics/article/articleList.jsp?categoryId=7604
.
193
“If a drug makes you feel good”
: Klerman, “Psychotropic Hedonism vs. Pharmacological Calvinism,” 3.
193
From Sad to Glad
: Kline,
From Sad to Glad: Kline on Depression
.
194
the “inaugural article” of the antidepressant era
: Healy,
Antidepressant Era
, 148.
195
They ran a controlled clinical trial
: Davies and Shepherd, “Reserpine in the Treatment of Anxious Patients.”
195
an excellent account
: Healy,
Antidepressant Era
, 152–55.
196
“There is good evidence”
: Schildkraut, “The Catecholamine Hypothesis,” 517.
197
“considerable heuristic value”
: Ibid., 518.
198
the “soups” and the “sparks”
: Valenstein,
War of the Soups and the Sparks.
198
a British team
: Curtis and Eccles, “Excitation of Renshaw Cells.”
198
John Gaddum figured out
: Gaddum, “Push-Pull Cannulae.”
198
brilliant, beautiful photos
: Dahlstrom and Carlsson, “Making Visible the Invisible.”
198
one of the most-cited papers in the medical literature
: Healy,
Antidepressant Era
, 156.
CHAPTER 10
Page
203
“it was discovered”
: Thomas,
The Medusa and the Snail,
159.
203
A total of seventy-four trials
: Turner et al., “Selective Publication of Antidepressant Trials.”
204
another analysis of clinical trials
: Kirsch et al., “The Emperor’s New Drugs.”
204
the FDA’s own director of clinical research
: Leber, “Approvable Action on Forrest Laboratories, Inc.”
204
according to a team of reviewers
: Turner et al., “Selective Publication of Antidepressant Trials.”
204
severe depressions blunt the placebo effect
: Kirsch et al., “Initial Severity and Antidepressant Benefits.”
205
the American Medical Association, in its first code of ethics
: Brody,
Hooked,
139–41.
205
there were two kinds in the world
: See Liebnau,
Medical Science and Medical Industry,
4–10.
205
Cuforhedake Brane-Fude
: Young,
The Medical Messiahs,
3–12.
206
the U.S. government, just then on the cusp of its Progressive Era
: Temin,
Taking Your Medicine,
18–37.
206
a highly publicized stunt
: Ibid., 28.
206
“the greatest instrument”
: Liebnau,
Medical Science,
91.
207
“any statement…which shall be false”
: Temin,
Taking Your Medicine
, 30.
207
the Harrison Anti-Narcotics Law
: Liebnau,
Medical Science
, 94.
207
Dr. Johnson’s Mild Combination Treatment for Cancer
: Young,
Medical Messiahs
, second photo after 204.
207
“with reference to plain matter of fact”
: Temin,
Taking Your Medicine
, 33.
208
outlaw “any statement”
: Ibid.
208
Franklin Roosevelt, the president’s son
: “Prontosil,”
Time
, December 28, 1936.
209
“just throw drugs together”
: Brody,
Hooked
, 248.
209
the FDA found that its only recourse
: Temin,
Taking Your Medicine
, 42–43; Brody,
Hooked
, 250–51.
209
Had Massengill named its drug
: Marks,
Progress of Experiment
, 82.
209
doctors would dispense the information necessary
: Marks,
Progress of Experiment
, 83–89; “Prontosil,”
Time,
December 28, 1936.
210
“there is no scientific evidence”
: Marks,
Progress of Experiment
, 96.
211
“the wives of my Congressional group”
: Ibid., 96–97.
211
This was the regulatory environment
: Lasagna, “Congress, the FDA, and New Drug Development,” 323.
212
The doctor of today
: Lasagna, “The Controlled Clinical Trial,” 353.
212
the number of pages of
JAMA: Temin,
Taking Your Medicine
, 85–86.
213
“He who orders”
: Kefauver,
In the Hands of a Few
, 8.
213
“safe and efficacious in use”
: Temin,
Taking Your Medicine
, 122.
213
The company hawked the drug
: Knightley et al.,
Suffer the Children
, 26.
213
She was concerned about reports
: Ibid., 73–81.
214
Merrell’s medical director
: Ibid., 73–81.
215
The story was reported on the front page
: Mintz, “‘Heroine’ of FDA Keeps Bad Drug off Market,” A1.
215
“thalidomide was already barred”
: Lasagna, “Congress, the FDA, and New Drug Development,” 328.
215
For the first time
: Temin,
Taking Your Medicine
, 121–24.
215
The answer was that “substantial evidence”
: Ibid., 127.
215
“even though there may be preponderant evidence”
: Lasagna, “Congress, the FDA, and New Drug Development.” See also Temin,
Taking Your Medicine
, 124.
216
Louis Lasagna cited a momentous event
: Lasagna, “The Controlled Clinical Trial,” 367.
216
“Their cases were as similar”
: Lind,
A Treatise of the Scurvy
, 192–93. Key passages from this 1753 work can be found at the James Lind Library,
http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/trial_records/17th_18th_Century/lind/lind_kp.html
.
216
Franklin and Mesmer had different ideas
: Kaptchuk, “Intentional Ignorance,” 394.
217
“at hazard, and in parts very distant”
: Ibid., 396.
219
an RCT is much more suited
: See Healy,
Mania,
128–34.
219
“taken the blindfold test”
: “Morgan’s Old Gold,”
Time
,
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786005,00.html
.