Manufacturing depression (59 page)
Read Manufacturing depression Online
Authors: Gary Greenberg
261
the first “product of the pharmaceutical industry”
: Callahan and Berrios,
Reinventing Depression
, 109.
262
14 million prescriptions
: Ibid., 112.
262
“penicillin for the blues”
: Ibid., 106.
262
“It’s hard to appreciate the difficulty”
: Martin, “Pharmaceutical Virtue,” 161.
262
“chemical revolution in psychiatry”
: Ayd,
Recognizing the Depressed Patient,
iii.
262
“depressions are among the most common illnesses”
: Ibid., 5.
263
“Not all depressed people require the services”
: Ibid., 117.
263
“Many melancholics can be cared for”
: Ibid., 119.
263
“treatment can be just as effective”
: Ibid., 119–20.
263
“to explain to the patient”
: Ibid., 117.
263
“Depressed people are very suggestible”
: Ibid., 119.
263
You have an illness called a depression
: Ibid., 117.
264
“I found a musicologist”
: Martin, “Pharmaceutical Virtue,” 161.
264
We gave this to doctors
: Ibid.
265
one sales rep for every eight doctors
: Callahan and Berrios,
Reinventing Depression
, 110.
266
the dangers of “mood drugs”
: Shorter,
Before Prozac
, 117.
266
“other products which also affect the mind”
: Callahan and Berrios,
Reinventing Depression
, 112.
266
one of “the most frequently abused drugs”
: Shorter,
Before Prozac
, 118.
266
“these drugs have produced”
: Ibid., 117.
266
“the greatest commercial success”
: Shorter,
Before Prozac,
99.
267
their sales continued to languish
: Callahan and Berrios,
Reinventing Depression
, 111–12.
268
a team at Eli Lilly
: Wong et al., “A Selective Inhibitor of Serotonin Uptake.”
268
this wasn’t in the company’s game plan
: This story can also be found in Shorter,
Before Prozac,
177, and Healy,
Antidepressant Era
, 167–68.
268
zimelidine syndrome
: Shorter,
Before Prozac
, 174.
269
the company was finally interested
: Bremner, “Fluoxetine in Depressed Patients”; see also Wong, Bymaster, and Engleman, “Prozac (Fluoxetine, Lilly 110140) the First Selective Serotonin Uptake Inhibitor.”
270
they suddenly can’t reach orgasm
: Nurnberg et al., “Sildenafil Treatment of Women,” 395.
270
nearly 70 percent
: Lin et al., “The Role of the Primary Care Physician in
Patients’ Adherence to Antidepressant Therapy,” 70; see also Nurnberg et al., “Sildenafil Treatment of Women.”
270
“similar findings”
: Leber, “Approvable action.”
270
antidepressants had become
: Spielmans et al., “The Accuracy of Psychiatric Medication Advertisements in Medical Journals,” 268.
271
“Unfortunately, our internal policies”
: Ibid., 271.
271
80 percent of “high prescribers”
: Neslin, “Executive Summary: ROI Analysis of Pharmaceutical Promotion,”
www.rxpromoroi.org/rapp/exec_sum.html
. See also Hunt, “Interaction of Detailing and Journal Advertising,”
www.rxpromoroi.org/pdf/interaction_whitepaper.pdf
.
271
after reading in the
Journal of the American Medical Association: See, for instance, Hirschfeld et al., “The National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association Consensus Statement on the Undertreatment of Depression,” and Kessler, “The Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder.”
272
four times more likely
: Olfson and Marcus, “National Patterns in Antidepressant Medication Treatment.”
272
the drug’s $1.5 billion in sales
: “Prozac Making Lilly a Little Edgy,”
BusinessWeek
, June 22, 1992.
273
“the king of antidepressants”
: Langreth, “Mending the Mind,” B1.
273
still only 10 percent
: Hirschfeld et al., “National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association Consensus Statement.”
273
“patients [become] informed consumers”
: Ibid., 338.
273
Eli Lilly hired the Leo Burnett Company
: Elliott, “A New Campaign by Leo Burnett Will Try to Promote Prozac Directly to Consumers.”
274
depression “isn’t just feeling down”
: Stanfel, “Prozac Print Campaign,” 507.
274
“assisting people”
: Ibid., 506.
274
The first ad
: You can find this ad in, among other outlets, the May 1998 issue of
Reader’s Digest
, 182–84.
274
Lilly and Burnett took Prozac
: Hume, “Prozac Getting a New Prescription.”
275
Have you stopped doing the things you enjoy
: I am grateful to Joseph Dumit, who provided me with DVD copies of the television ads discussed here.
275
companies were spending
: Block, “Costs and Benefits of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising,” 513.
275
Pfizer introduced a cartoon character
: Aurthur, “Little Blob, Don’t Be Sad (or Anxious or Phobic).”
276
“the science of arresting the human intelligence”
: Gilbody, Wilson, and Watts, “Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Psychotropics.”
276
Hey you
: Ad copy can be found in Williams, “Effexor XR Warning Letter,”
http://www.fda.gov/cder/warn/2004/Effexor.pdf
.
277
“there is no clear”
: Lacasse and Leo, “Serotonin and Depression,” e392.
277
Ad industry research
: Neslin, “RAPP Study,”
http://www.rxpromoroi.org/rapp/index.html
.
277
“six percent of the increase”
: Block, “Costs and Benefits,” 514.
277
“treating everyone”
: Ibid., 519.
278
The team, led by Richard Kravitz
: Kravitz et al., “Influence of Patients’ Requests for Direct-to-Consumer Advertised Antidepressants.”
278
“Some things about the ad”
: Ibid., 1997.
281
“Depression doesn’t mean you have something wrong with your character”
: Pfizer, “Myths and Facts about Depression,”
http://www.zoloft.com/depr_myths_facts.aspx
.
281
“Like other illnesses such as diabetes”
: Eli Lilly and Company, “Prozac Makes History,”
http://www.prozac.com/disease_information/treatment_depression.jsp?reqNavId=1.1.4
.
CHAPTER 13
Page
288
“caught up in the contagion”
: Beck, “Evolution of the Cognitive Model of Depression,” 969.
288
He dabbled
: Beck, “Reliability of Psychiatric Diagnoses.”
288
“that the dreams”
: Beck and Ward, “Dreams of Depressed Patients.”
289
therapist and patient work together
: Rush et al., “Comparative Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy in the Treatment of Depressed Outpatients,” 17.
292
Beck is going by the book
: Beck,
Cognitive Therapy
.
294
Therapeutic outcomes are dependent
: Luborsky et al., “The Researcher’s Own Therapy Allegiances,” 65.
298
Rafael Osheroff
: This version of the story follows Klerman, “The Patient’s Right to Effective Treatment”; see also Shorter,
History of Psychiatry
, 309–10, and Healy,
The Antidepressant Era
, 245–50.
299
“The case left the strong impression”
: Shorter,
History of Psychiatry
, 310.
299
If a pharmaceutical firm makes a claim
: Klerman, “The Patient’s Right,” 416.
300
“Everyone Has Won”
: Rosenzweig, “Some Implicit Common Factors in Diverse Methods of Psychotherapy.”
300
Luborsky subjected the dodo bird
: Luborsky, Luborsky, and Singer, “Comparative Studies of Psychotherapies.”
300
“The different forms of psychotherapy”
: Ibid., 1006.
300
Luborsky’s work got updated
: Smith and Glass, “Meta-analysis of Psychotherapy Outcome Studies,” and Smith, Glass, and Miller,
The Benefits of Psychotherapy.
300
“convincing evidence that therapy”
: Consumers Union, “Mental Health: Does Therapy Help?” 734. The report is available at
www.consumerreports.org
, but you have to sign up and pay for a membership to see it.
301
“psychotherapies are not doing”
: Klein, “Preventing Hung Juries about Therapy Studies.”
301
“If clinical psychology is to survive”
: American Psychological Association, “Training in and Dissemination of Empirically-Validated Psychological Treatment,” 21.
302
Beck got a chance
: Rush et al., “Comparative Efficacy.”
303
“a profound effect”
: DeRubeis and Beck, “Cognitive Therapy,” 293.