Manufacturing depression (60 page)
Read Manufacturing depression Online
Authors: Gary Greenberg
303
Beck could then plausibly claim
: Rush et al., “Comparative Efficacy,” 25.
303
researchers replicated
: See, for instance, Blackburn, “The Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy in Depression”; Blackburn, Eunson, and Bishop, “A Two-Year Naturalistic Follow-up”; Dobson, “A Meta-analysis”; Robinson, Berman, and Neimeyer, “Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Depression”; D. Shapiro et al., “Effects of Treatment Duration”; and D. Shapiro, “Meta-analysis of Comparative Therapy Outcome Studies.”
303
“the most scientifically tested”
: Spiegel, “More and More, Favored Psychotherapy Lets Bygones Be Bygones.”
304
“the best-documented effectiveness”
: American Psychiatric Association, “Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Patients with Major Depressive Disorder,” 11.
304
“the most widely practiced approach”
: Spiegel, “More and More.”
304
Critics complain
: Westen and Morrison, “A Multidimensional Meta-analysis of Treatments for Depression.”
305
“Psychotherapy is essentially”
: Holmes, “All You Need Is Cognitive Behaviour Therapy?” 290.
305
they also assert
: Westen and Morrison, “A Multidimensional Meta-analysis,” 878.
305
“empirically supported therapies”
: Hollon, Thase, and Markowitz, “Treatment and Prevention of Depression,” 39.
305
what happens when researchers try
: Wampold, “Methodological Problems in Identifying Efficacious Psychotherapies,” 27.
306
“unconditional support”
: Foa et al., “Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Rape Victims,” 721.
306
“that something intended”
: Westen and Bradley, “Empirically Supported Complexity,” 267; see also Parker and Fletcher, “Treating Depression with the Evidence-Based Psychotherapies,” 354.
306
Allegiances do matter
: Robinson, Berman, and Neimeyer, “Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Depression”; see also Wampold,
The Great Psychotherapy Debate,
and Smith et al.,
The Benefits of Psychotherapy.
307
two independent groups
: Wampold et al., “A Meta-analysis of Outcome Studies Comparing Bona Fide Psychotherapies,” and Depression Guideline Panel,
Treatment of Major Depression.
308
Westen and Morrison acknowledge
: Westen and Morrison, “A Multidimensional Meta-analysis,” 886–87.
308
all the critics
: See, for instance, Parker and Fletcher, “Treating Depression with the Evidence-Based Psychotherapies”; Wampold et al., “A Meta-analysis”; and Seligman, “The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy.”
308
a group of loyal cognitive therapists
: Jacobson et al., “A Component Analysis of Cognitive-Behavior Treatment for Depression.”
309
according to the meta-analysts
: See Parker and Fletcher, “Treating Depression with the Evidence-Based Psychotherapies,” for a review of this research.
309
“
How
therapy is conducted”
: Wampold, “Establishing Specificity in Psychotherapy Scientifically,” 197.
313
“A person fails to live”
: Peale,
The Power of Positive Thinking
, 173.
313
“The world in which you live”
: Ibid.; quotes, in order, from 166, 166, 173, 167.
CHAPTER 14
Page
316
“The DSM-IV . . . has 100 percent reliability”
: Amen,
Healing the Hardware of the Soul,
xx-xxi. Amen says he transcribed this passage from a recording of Insel’s speech. The recording is not available. Insel told me that he did not keep a copy of this speech, but did not dispute the content of the quote.
317
Brain imaging in clinical practice
: Ibid., 20.
317
“the basic pathophysiology”
: Insel and Quirion, “Psychiatry as a Clinical Neuroscience Discipline,” 2223.
318
“I was suspicious”
: Amen,
Healing the Hardware
, 8–9.
322
“One is often”
: Ibid., 13.
322
Johann Spurzheim, who had redrawn
: Davies,
Phrenology
, 5–9.
322
Orson Squire Fowler
: Martin, “Saints, Sinners, and Reformers,”
www.crookedlakereview.com/books/saints_sinners/martin12.html
.
323
“
what they
are
”
: Davies,
Phrenology
, 38.
323
“Would you become great mentally”
: Fowler and Fowler,
The Self Instructor in Phrenology and Physiology,
” 11.
323
a therapeutic empire
: Martin, “Saints, Sinners.”
323
President James Garfield
: Martin, “Saints, Sinners.” Davies has his own list in
Phrenology
, 38.
323
Horace Greeley published
: Davies,
Phrenology
, 50.
323
“the greatest discovery”
: Martin, “Saints, Sinners.”
323
“Phrenology…has assumed”
: Davies,
Phrenology
, 121.
324
“Phrenology, it must be confessed”
: Mackey, “Phrenological Whitman,”
www.conjunctions.com/archives/c29-nm.htm
.
324
The relationship between Whitman and the Fowlers
: Davies,
Phrenology
, 123–25.
324
I made a small test
: Quoted in Martin, “Saints, Sinners.”
325
“The equilibrium or balance”
: Quoted in Finger,
Minds behind the Brain
, 166–67.
325
he didn’t report the fact
: Barker, “Phineas among the Phrenologists.”
325
Broca’s area
: Finger,
Minds
, 137–54.
325
Wernicke’s area
: Finger,
Minds
, 150; Shorter,
History of Psychiatry
, 80–81.
325
David Ferrier
: Finger,
Minds
, 155–75.
326
At least that’s the story
: See for example Finger,
Minds
, 135–36; Barker, “Phineas among the Phrenologists”; and Simpson, “Phrenology and the Neurosciences.”
326
racial prejudice
: Richeson et al., “An fMRI Investigation of the Impact of Interracial Contact on Executive Function.”
326
sexual orientation
: Fitzgerald, “A Neurotransmitter System Theory of Sexual Orientation”; LeVay,
Queer Science.
326
the October 16, 2008, issue of
Nature: Krishnan and Nestler, “The Molecular Neurobiology of Depression.”
327
a team of French doctors reported
: Bejjani et al., “Transient Acute Depression Induced by High-Frequency Brain Stimulation.”
330
subjectivity is a forbidden topic
: For a discussion of the religious proportions of the banishment of subjectivity from talk about consciousness, see Wallace,
The Taboo of Subjectivity.
330
“the mind is a set of operations”
: Kandel, “The New Science of Mind,” 69.
331
Empirical reductionism
: Woese, “A New Biology for a New Century,” 174.
331
With the progress
: Popper and Eccles,
The Mind and Its Brain,
97.
CHAPTER 15
Page
342
Various critics of the current diagnostic system
: Regier, “State-of-the-Art Psychiatric Diagnosis,” 26.
343
“clinical significance”
: American Psychiatric Association,
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
, 4th ed., text revision, xxxi.
343
Despite the prominence of clinical significance
: Narrow et al., “Revised Prevalence Estimates of Mental Disorders in the United States,” 118.
344
the prevalence of depression is cut nearly in half
: Narrow et al., “Revised Prevalence Estimates,” 120.
344
the current categorical approach
: See, for example, Goldberg, “A Dimensional Model for Common Mental Disorders”; also Kessler et al., “Prevalence, Correlates, and Course of Minor Depression and Major Depression in the National Comorbidity Survey.”
344
These doctors have already struck back
: Kessler et al., “Mild Disorders Should Not Be Eliminated From the DSM-V.”
344
“should be addressed”
: Ibid., 1121.
345
The major problem for mental disorders
: Kupfer, First, and Regier,
A Research Agenda for
DSM-V, 208.
345
the pathophysiologically based classification system
: See Kupfer, First, and Regier,
Research Agenda
, chapter 1.
346
Fink thinks
: Taylor and Fink, “Restoring Melancholia in the Classification of Mood Disorders,” and Fink, “The Medical Evidence-Based Model for Psychiatric Syndromes.”
347
“that what is now considered”
: Taylor and Fink, “Restoring Melancholia,” 4.
347
a highly effective treatment for melancholia
: See Shorter and Healy,
Shock Therapy
, especially 83–102 and 164–80.
348
“on, or shortly after, penetration”
: American Psychiatric Association,
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,
4th ed., text revision, 552.
348
repeated studies
: For a review, see Waldinger, “Premature Ejaculation.”
349
“focusing on the ejaculation-delaying effects”
: Ibid., 553.
349
the package insert for Paxil
: GlaxoSmithKline, “Prescribing Information,”
http://us.gsk.com/products/assets/us_paxil.pdf
.
349
researchers gave Viagra
: Nurnberg, “Sildenafil Treatment of Women.”