Manufacturing depression (58 page)
Read Manufacturing depression Online
Authors: Gary Greenberg
219
A decade later
: Gold, Kwit, and Otto, “The Xanthines (Theobromine and Aminophylline) in the Treatment of Cardiac Pain.”
220
He cited the Old Gold campaign
: Shapiro and Shapiro,
The Powerful Placebo
, 154.
220
Fisher was trying to sort out fact from opinion
: Marks,
Progress of Experiment
, 141–48.
221
to equalize the chance
: Ibid., 144.
222
“free a researcher”
: Ibid., 146.
222
I have an intense prejudice
: “Conference on Therapy,”
American Journal of Medicine,
727.
223
Let the experimenter who is driven
: Marks,
Progress of Experiment
, 139–40.
CHAPTER 11
Page
227
“a psychological response to an identifiable stressor”
: American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., 679–80.
227
“excessive anxiety and worry”
: Ibid., 476.
228
Erving Goffman and Michel Foucault
: See Goffman,
Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity,
and Foucault,
Madness and Civilization
.
229
socially constructed
: See Berger and Luckmann,
The Social Construction of Reality
, also Gergen, “The Social Constructionist Movement in Modern Psychology.”
232
“fevered polemical discussions”
: Spitzer and Wilson, “Nosology and the Official Psychiatric Nomenclature,” 837.
233
“what [was] behind the symptom”
: Menninger,
The Vital Balance,
325.
233
“We must attempt to explain”
: Ibid.
233
“the force of factors”
: Menninger, “Psychiatric Experience in the War,” 580.
233
This synthesis was enshrined
: Grob, “Origins of DSM-I.”
234
“Instead of putting so much emphasis”
: Menninger,
The Vital Balance
, 325.
234
The Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry
: Shorter,
History of Psychiatry,
173–77.
234
“an objective critical attitude”
: Wilson, “DSM-III and the Transformation of American Psychiatry,” 401.
234
psychologist Philip Ash showed
: Ash, “The Reliability of Psychiatric Diagnosis.”
234
a dismal 42 percent of cases
: Beck, “Reliability of Psychiatric Diagnoses”: 213.
235
a team led by Martin Katz
: Katz, Cole, and Lowery, “Studies of the Diagnostic Process.”
235
manic depression was much more common
: See, for example, Sandifer et al., “Psychiatric Diagnosis.”
236
“There is a terrible sense of shame”
: Wilson, “DSM-III,” 405.
236
they disrupted APA meetings
: Bayer,
Homosexuality and American Psychiatry
, 102–3.
236
the protestors got what they wanted
: Ibid., 112–50.
236
“Referenda on matters of science”
: Ibid., 153.
236
“If groups of people march”
: Ibid., 141.
237
Laing focused on schizophrenia
: Laing,
The Divided Self
.
237
“problems of living”
: Szasz,
The Myth of Mental Illness
.
238
“documenting the total number of people”
: Wilson, “DSM-III,” 403.
239
“Some individuals may interpret”
: American Psychiatric Association,
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
, 2nd ed., 122.
239
some argued, and continue to argue
: See, for example, Klerman et al., “A Debate on DSM-III.” More recently, see Kirk and Kutchins,
The Selling of DSM
, and Caplan,
They Say You’re Crazy
.
239
“I was uncomfortable with not knowing”
: Spiegel, “The Dictionary of Disorder,”
http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/01/03/050103fa_fact
.
240
depressive neurosis
: American Psychiatric Association,
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
, 2nd ed., 40.
241
overall attempt “to avoid terms”
: Ibid., viii.
241
its professional discussions relegated
: Wilson, “DSM-III,” 403.
242
“assumed . . . an underlying process”
: Bayer and Spitzer, “Neurosis, Psychodynamics and DSM-III,” 189.
242
neurosis had been first described
: Knoff, “A History of the Concept of Neurosis.”
242
“DSM-III gets rid of the castles of neurosis”
: Bayer and Spitzer, “Neurosis, Psychodynamics and DSM-III,” 189.
242
“many patients”
: Wilson, “DSM-III,” 405.
242
“a straitjacket”
: Bayer and Spitzer, “Neurosis, Psychodynamics and DSM-III,” 190.
243
“wish [neurosis] reinserted”
: Ibid., 192.
243
“scientists attempting to advance”
: Ibid., 190.
243
“pro-neurosis forces”
: Ibid., 193.
243
a large role in “Project Flower”
: Wilson, “DSM-III,” 407.
243
“extremely embarrassing”
: Bayer and Spitzer, “Neurosis, Psychodynamics and DSM-III,” 193–94.
244
The DSM criteria for MDD
: American Psychiatric Association,
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
, 3rd ed., 213–15.
244
dysthymic disorder
: Ibid., 220–22.
244
adjustment disorder
: Ibid., 300.
244
“Clerks rather than experts”
: Wilson, “DSM-III,” 406.
244
the Feighner criteria
: Feighner et al., “Diagnostic Criteria for Use in Psychiatric Research.”
245
the single most commonly cited article
: Spitzer, Endicott, and Robins, “The Development of Diagnostic Criteria in Psychiatry,” 21.
245
“This communication will present”
: Feighner et al., “Diagnostic Criteria,” 57.
245
Allan Horwitz and Jerome Wakefield examined
: Horwitz and Wakefield,
Loss of Sadness
, 93–94.
246
many people who had recently been bereaved
: Clayton, Halikas, and Maurice, “The Bereavement of the Widowed.”
246
the DSM-III committee were reminded
: Horwitz and Wakefield,
Loss of Sadness
, 100–102.
246
“A full depressive syndrome”
: American Psychiatric Association,
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
, 3rd ed., 333.
247
grief begins to wane
: Clayton and Darvish, “Course of Depressive Symptoms Following the Stress of Bereavement.”
248
the profession would have been back to the bad old days
: As indeed, they turned out to be in Marwit, “Reliability of Diagnosing Complicated Grief.”
251
“depression in the Western world”
: Andrews and Skoog, “Lifetime Prevalence of Depression,” 495.
CHAPTER 12
Page
255
“not typically used for your condition”
: Tilburt et al., “Prescribing ‘Placebo Treatments,’”
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/337/oct23_2/a1938
.
256
“As a result of accumulated knowledge”
: Zinberg,
Drug, Set, and Setting,
187.
257
secondary anxiety
: Becker, “History, Culture, and Subjective Experience.”
257
Zinberg wrote about subcultures
: Zinberg et al., “Patterns of Heroin Use”; Zinberg, Harding, and Winkeller, “A Study of Social Regulatory Mechanisms”; and Zinberg,
Drug, Set, and Setting,
135–71.
258
Harvard’s lawyers objected
: Zinberg,
Drug, Set, and Setting
, 199–200.
259
An ad that ran in a 1945 issue of the
American Journal of Psychiatry: “If the individual is depressed . . . ,” xiii.
260
an indication that was worth $1.5 billion
: “Pharmacy Facts and Figures,” Drug Topics website,
http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/article/articleList.jsp?categoryId=7604
.
260
“outstanding effectiveness . . . with which Miltown relieves”
: “Relieves Anxiety and Anxious Depression,” Miltown advertisement, 20.
260
people were “miltowning”
: Callahan and Berrios,
Reinventing Depression
, 106. See also Shorter,
Before Prozac
, 45.
260
“No Miltown today”
: Shorter,
Before Prozac,
45.
260
The industry pushed the minor tranquilizers
: Callahan and Berrios,
Reinventing Depression
, 110.
260
“when the patient rambles”
: “When the patient rambles . . . ,” advertisement, 420.
260
Valium eventually took up more
: Callahan and Berrios,
Reinventing Depression
, 110.
261
The minor tranquilizers’ success
: Wheatley, “A Comparative Trial of Imipramine”; Hollister, “Mental Disorders”; Blackwell, “Psychotropic Drugs in Use Today.”