Manufacturing depression (53 page)
Read Manufacturing depression Online
Authors: Gary Greenberg
32
“it is man who breeds”:
Ibid., 5:7.
32
You shall be safe:
Ibid., 5:21–26.
33
“In its commonest form”:
Kramer,
Against Depression
, 44.
33
“a fixed tragic view”:
Ibid.
33
“toward assertiveness”:
Ibid., 4.
34
“Our aesthetic and intellectual preferences”:
Ibid., 106.
35
“
On this medication
”: Ibid., 4.
CHAPTER 3
Page
38
Prozac, or Sarafem:
Daw, “Is PMDD Real?”
http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct02/pmdd.html
.
39
the diagnosis ran into stiff opposition:
Caplan,
They Say You’re Crazy,
122–67.
39
the nine depression criteria:
For diagnostic criteria, see American Psychiatric Association,
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,
4th ed., text revision, 775–77.
39
The normal process of life:
James,
The Varieties of Religious Experience
, 136.
40
“uncontrollable urge”:
GlaxoSmithKline, “New Survey Reveals,”
www.gsk.com/press_archive/press2003/press_06102003.htm
.
41
a study by David Rosenhan:
Rosenhan, “On Being Sane in Insane Places.”
41
A cottage industry:
See, for example, the “Letters” section of
Science
180: 356–65. Also Spitzer, “On Pseudoscience in Science.”
42
So when I found out:
Information about most government-funded clinical trials can be found at the U.S. National Institutes of Health website
www.ClinicalTrials.gov
. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) minor depression study can be found at
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00048815?term=minor+depression&rank=1
.
The Massachusetts General Hospital trial I eventually entered is described at
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00361374?term=major+depression+Omega&rank=1
.
44
M. trunculus
looks like:
For good pictures of these two snails, see Monfils, “Murex Shells,”
http://www.manandmollusc.net/Shell_photos/dye-murex.html
.
44
according to legend:
Told by the Alexandrian mythographer Julius Pollux. See Garfield,
Mauve: How One Man Invented a Color,
39; Hazel,
Who’s Who in the Greek World,
197.
44
“exactly the colour”:
Pliny,
Natural History
, 447.
44
“Mauve Measles”:
Garfield,
Mauve
, 60–62.
44
bat guano and from certain lichens:
Travis, “Perkin’s Mauve,” 62–64.
45
By the time William Perkin:
Garfield,
Mauve
, 19–20; Travis, “Perkin’s Mauve,” 53–54.
45
recruited from Germany:
Garfield,
Mauve
, 21.
45
Hofmann had an interest:
Garfield,
Mauve
, 26; Travis, “Perkin’s Mauve,” 54.
46
An enterprising Scotsman, Charles Macintosh:
Garfield,
Mauve
, 24.
46
Hofmann, however, thought he could extract value:
Travis, “Perkin’s Mauve,” 55; Garfield,
Mauve
, 33.
46
Malaria was not only a scourge:
Garfield,
Mauve
, 31–34.
46
Cinchona bark:
Shapiro and Shapiro,
The Powerful Placebo,
20–22.
46
a pair of Frenchmen isolated quinine:
Garfield,
Mauve
, 31; Sherman,
Twelve Diseases,
139.
47
enough to hinder the business of empire:
Garfield,
Mauve
, 30–33.
47
“happy experiment”:
Ibid., 34.
47
Perkin soon determined:
Travis, “Perkin’s Mauve,” 55.
47
a powder with a reddish tint:
Garfield,
Mauve
, 35–39; Travis, “Perkin’s Mauve,” 55–56.
47
“Perfectly black”:
Garfield,
Mauve
, 36.
48
Perkin’s invention proved:
Travis, “Perkin’s Mauve.”
48
“When I felt…miserable and forsaken”:
Marquardt,
Paul Ehrlich,
159.
48
Ehrlich had been introduced:
Bäumler,
Paul Ehrlich,
5–6.
49
“They cared so little”:
Marquardt,
Paul Ehrlich
, 73.
49
“I can see the structural formula”:
Bäumler,
Paul Ehrlich
, 6.
49
“brilliant eccentric”:
Ibid., 13.
50
“minute creatures that live [there]”:
Quoted in Amici, “The History of Italian Parasitology,” 4.
51
Theriac, for instance:
Watson,
Theriac and Mithridatium
, 71–82; Bartisch,
Theriac
.
51
George Washington:
Shapiro and Shapiro,
The Powerful Placebo
, 25.
51
“If the whole
materia medica”: Holmes, “Currents and Countercurrents,” 108.
51
They even had a theory:
Arikha,
Passions and Tempers,
3–37.
51
time-proven, if poorly understood, remedies:
Jouanna,
Hippocrates,
205–6.
52
“If we were once to admit”:
Quetel,
History of Syphilis,
79.
52
Koch announced that he had discovered:
Bäumler,
Paul Ehrlich
, 14–16; Ullmann, “Pasteur-Koch.”
53
Ehrlich had found that methylene violet:
Bäumler,
Paul Ehrlich
, 16.
53
Pasteur came to focus on:
Ullmann, “Pasteur-Koch.”
53
It should be possible:
Marquardt,
Paul Ehrlich
, 91.
53
“straight onward”:
Ibid., 93.
53
“learn how to take aim”:
Bäumler,
Paul Ehrlich,
143.
54
“There must be”:
Marquardt,
Paul Ehrlich
, 94.
54
In 1903, one of Ehrlich’s dyes:
Mann,
Elusive Magic Bullet,
7.
54
he had discovered something significant:
Marquardt,
Paul Ehrlich
, 142–45.
54
he determined that the test animals:
Bäumler,
Paul Ehrlich
, 128.
54
The first three years:
Ibid., 129–30.
55
a colleague of Ehrlich’s:
Quetel,
History of Syphilis
, 139–40.
55
“putrid liquid”:
Sherman,
Twelve Diseases
, 83.
55
he injected some of that liquid:
Nuland,
Doctors,
183–86.
55
“gonorrhea and the chancre”:
Quetel,
History of Syphilis
, 82.
55
when his aorta burst:
Sherman,
Twelve Diseases
, 90.
55
Hunter treated himself:
Ibid., 184.
56
Mercury had been the treatment of choice:
Quetel,
History of Syphilis
, 86–87.
56
“A night with Venus”:
Marquardt,
Paul Ehrlich
, 48.
56
doctors’ ability to publicize:
Quetel,
History of Syphilis
, 114–20.
56
Public health measures:
Ibid., 120–23.
56
Nineteenth century man:
Ibid., 119.
56
a French scientist gave even more reason:
Ibid., 162–64.
57
word about 606 got out:
Marquardt,
Paul Ehrlich
, 163–66, 175.
57
“remarkable effect”:
Mann,
Elusive Magic Bullet
, 10.
57
Patients showed up:
Ibid., 156–60.
57
Hoechst had distributed 65,500 free doses:
Mann,
Elusive Magic Bullet
, 10–12.
58
375,000 doses:
Bäumler,
Paul Ehrlich
, 167–69.
58
There’s hardly a child:
Ibid., 167.
58
“long, slow, painful and expensive grind”:
Benedek and Erlen, “The Scientific Environment of the Tuskegee Study.” See also Berdin and Flavin, “The Least of My Brothers,”
http://web.archive.org/web/20080124141121/
http://wisdomtools.com/poynter/syphilis.html
.
CHAPTER 4
Page
62
Diagnostic trends varied:
See, for example, Sandifer et al., “Psychiatric Diagnosis,” and Beck et al., “Reliability of Psychiatric Diagnoses.”
64
“The name hysteria”:
Richardson,
William James
, 336.
64
His doctoral dissertation:
Shorter,
History of Psychiatry
, 101.
65
“we cannot afford to pay”:
Kraepelin, “Manifestations of Insanity,” 512.